# Clang Gardening
Chromium bundles its own pre-built version of [Clang](clang.md). This is done so
that Chromium developers have access to the latest and greatest developer tools
provided by Clang and LLVM (ASan, CFI, coverage, etc). In order to [update the
compiler](updating_clang.md) (roll clang), it has to be tested so that we can be
confident that it works in the configurations that Chromium cares about.
We maintain a [waterfall of
builders](https://ci.chromium.org/p/chromium/g/chromium.clang/console) that
continuously build fresh versions of Clang and use them to build and test
Chromium. "Clang gardening" is the process of monitoring that waterfall,
determining if any compile or test failures are due to an upstream compiler
change, filing bugs upstream, and often reverting bad changes in LLVM. This
document describes some of the processes and techniques for doing that.
Some may find the
[sheriff-o-matic](https://sheriff-o-matic.appspot.com/chromium.clang)
view of the waterfall easier to work with.
To keep others informed, [file a
bug](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/entry).
earlier rather than later for build breaks likely caused by changes in
clang or the rest fo the toolchain. Make sure to set the component field to
`Tools > LLVM`, which will include the entire Chrome toolchain (Lexan) team.
At the beginning of your gardener rotation, it may be
useful to [search for recent bot
breaks](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/list?q=component%3ATools%3ELLVM&can=2&sort=-modified).
We prefer searching like this to having gardeners compose status email at the
end of their week.
In addition to the waterfall, make sure
[dry run attempts at updating clang](https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/q/path:tools/clang/scripts/update.py)
are green. As part of the Clang release process we run upstream LLVM tests.
Ideally these tests are covered by upstream LLVM bots and breakages are
quickly noticed and fixed by the original author of a breaking commit,
but that is sadly not always the case.
Each gardener should attempt to update the compiler by performing
[a Clang roll](updating_clang.md) during their week, assuming the bots are
green enough.
The gardener is also responsible for taking notes during the weekly Chrome toolchain
(Lexan) status sync-up meeting.
[TOC]
## Disk out of space
If there are any issues with disk running out of space, file a go/bug-a-trooper
bug, for example https://crbug.com/1105134.
## Is it the compiler?
Chromium does not always build and pass tests in all configurations that
everyone cares about. Some configurations simply take too long to build
(ThinLTO) or be tested (dbg) on the CQ before committing. And, some tests are
flaky. So, our console is often filled with red boxes, and the boxes don't
always need to be green to roll clang.
Oftentimes, if a bot is red with a test failure, it's not a bug in the compiler.
To check this, the easiest and best thing to do is to try to find a
corresponding builder that doesn't use ToT clang. For standard configurations,
start on the waterfall that corresponds to the OS of the red bot, and search
from there. If the failing bot is Google Chrome branded, go to the (Google
internal) [official builder
list](https://uberchromegw.corp.google.com/i/official.desktop.continuous/builders/)
and start searching from there.
If you are feeling charitable, you can try to see when the test failure was
introduced by looking at the history in the bot. One way to do this is to add
`?numbuilds=200` to the builder URL to see more history. If that isn't enough
history, you can manually binary search build numbers by editing the URL until
you find where the regression was introduced. If it's immediately clear what CL
introduced the regression (i.e. caused tests to fail reliably in the official
build configuration), you can simply load the change in gerrit and revert it,
linking to the first failing build that implicates the change being reverted.
If the failure looks like a compiler bug, these are the common failures we see
and what to do about them:
1. compiler crash
1. compiler warning change
1. compiler error
1. miscompile
1. linker errors
## Compiler crash
This is probably the most common bug. The standard procedure is to do these
things:
1. Open the `gclient runhooks` stdout log from the first red build. Near the
top of that log you can find the range of upstream llvm revisions. For
example:
From https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project
f917356f9ce..292e898c16d master -> origin/master
1. File a crbug documenting the crash. Include the range, and any other bots
displaying the same symptoms.
1. All clang crashes on the Chromium bots are automatically uploaded to
Cloud Storage. On the failing build, click the "stdout" link of the
"process clang crashes" step right after the red compile step. It will
print something like
processing heap_page-65b34d... compressing... uploading... done
gs://chrome-clang-crash-reports/v1/2019/08/27/chromium.clang-ToTMac-20955-heap_page-65b34d.tgz
removing heap_page-65b34d.sh
removing heap_page-65b34d.cpp
Use
`gsutil.py cp gs://chrome-clang-crash-reports/v1/2019/08/27/chromium.clang-ToTMac-20955-heap_page-65b34d.tgz .`
to copy it to your local machine. Untar with
`tar xzf chromium.clang-ToTMac-20955-heap_page-65b34d.tgz` and change the
included shell script to point to a locally-built clang. Remove the
`-Xclang -plugin` flags. If you re-run the shell script, it should
reproduce the crash.
1. Identify the revision that introduced the crash. First, look at the commit
messages in the LLVM revision range to see if one modifies the code near the
point of the crash. If so, try reverting it locally, rebuild, and run the
reproducer to see if the crash goes away.
If that doesn't work, use `git bisect`. Use this as a template for the bisect
run script:
```shell
#!/bin/bash
cd $(dirname $0) # get into llvm build dir
ninja -j900 clang || exit 125 # skip revisions that don't compile
./t-8f292b.sh || exit 1 # exit 0 if good, 1 if bad
```
1. File an upstream bug like http://llvm.org/PR43016. Usually the unminimized repro
is too large for LLVM's bugzilla, so attach it to a (public) crbug and link
to that from the LLVM bug. Then revert with a commit message like
"Revert r368987, it caused PR43016."
1. If you want, make a reduced repro using CReduce. Clang contains a handy wrapper around
CReduce that you can invoke like so:
clang/utils/creduce-clang-crash.py --llvm-bin bin \
angle_deqp_gtest-d421b0.sh angle_deqp_gtest-d421b0.cpp
Attach the reproducer to the llvm bug you filed in the previous step. You can
disable Creduce's renaming passes with the options
`--remove-pass pass_clang rename-fun --remove-pass pass_clang rename-param
--remove-pass pass_clang rename-var --remove-pass pass_clang rename-class
--remove-pass pass_clang rename-cxx-method --remove-pass pass_clex
rename-toks` which makes it easier for the author to reason about and to
further reduce it manually.
If you need to do something the wrapper doesn't support,
follow the [official CReduce docs](https://embed.cs.utah.edu/creduce/using/)
for writing an interestingness test and use creduce directly.
## Compiler warning change
New Clang versions often find new bad code patterns to warn on. Chromium builds
with `-Werror`, so improvements to warnings often turn into build failures in
Chromium. Once you understand the code pattern Clang is complaining about, file
a bug to do either fix or silence the new warning.
If this is a completely new warning, disable it by adding `-Wno-NEW-WARNING` to
[this list of disabled
warnings](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/build/config/compiler/BUILD.gn?l=1479)
if `llvm_force_head_revision` is true. Here is [an
example](https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/1251622). This will keep the
ToT bots green while you decide what to do.
Sometimes, behavior changes and a pre-existing warning changes to warn on new
code. In this case, fixing Chromium may be the easiest and quickest fix. If
there are many sites, you may consider changing clang to put the new diagnostic
into a new warning group so you can handle it as a new warning as described
above.
If the warning is high value, then eventually our team or other contributors
will end up fixing the crbug and there is nothing more to do. If the warning
seems low value, pass that feedback along to the author of the new warning
upstream. It's unlikely that it should be on by default or enabled by `-Wall` if
users don't find it valuable. If the warning is particularly noisy and can't be
easily disabled without disabling other high value warnings, you should consider
reverting the change upstream and asking for more discussion.
## Compiler error
This rarely happens, but sometimes clang becomes more strict and no longer
accepts code that it previously did. The standard procedure for a new warning
may apply, but it's more likely that the upstream Clang change should be
reverted, if the C++ code in question in Chromium looks valid.
## Miscompile
Miscompiles tend to result in crashes, so if you see a test with the CRASHED
status, this is probably what you want to do.
1. Bisect object files to find the object with the code that changed. LLVM
contains `llvm/utils/rsp_bisect.py` which may be useful for bisecting object
files using an rsp file.
1. Debug it with a traditional debugger
## Linker error
`ld.lld`'s `--reproduce` flag makes LLD write a tar archive of all its inputs
and a file `response.txt` that contains the link command. This allows people to
work on linker bugs without having to have a Chromium build environment.
To use `ld.lld`'s `--reproduce` flag, follow these steps:
1. Locally (build Chromium with a locally-built
clang)[https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src.git/+/main/docs/clang.md#Using-a-custom-clang-binary]
1. After reproducing the link error, build just the failing target with
ninja's `-v -d keeprsp` flags added:
`ninja -C out/gn base_unittests -v -d keeprsp`.
1. Copy the link command that ninja prints, `cd out/gn`, paste it, and manually
append `-Wl,--reproduce,repro.tar`. With `lld-link`, instead append
`/reproduce:repro.tar`. (`ld.lld` is invoked through the `clang` driver, so
it needs `-Wl` to pass the flag through to the linker. `lld-link` is called
directly, so the flag needs no prefix.)
1. Zip up the tar file: `gzip repro.tar`. This will take a few minutes and
produce a .tar.gz file that's 0.5-1 GB.
1. Upload the .tar.gz to Google Drive. If you're signed in with your @google
address, you won't be able to make a world-shareable link to it, so upload
it in a Window where you're signed in with your @chromium account.
1. File an LLVM bug linking to the file. Example: http://llvm.org/PR43241
TODO: Describe object file bisection, identify obj with symbol that no longer
has the section.
## ThinLTO Trouble
Sometimes, problems occur in ThinLTO builds that do not occur in non-LTO builds.
These steps can be used to debug such problems.
Notes:
- All steps assume they are run from the output directory (the same directory args.gn is in).
- Commands have been shortened for clarity. In particular, Chromium build commands are
generally long, with many parts that you just copy-paste when debugging. These have
largely been omitted.
- The commands below use "clang++", where in practice there would be some path prefix
in front of this. Make sure you are invoking the right clang++. In particular, there
may be one in the PATH which behaves very differently.
### Get the full command that is used for linking
To get the command that is used to link base_unittests:
```sh
$ rm base_unittests
$ ninja -n -d keeprsp -v base_unittests
```
This will print a command line. It will also write a file called `base_unittests.rsp`, which
contains additional parameters to be passed.
### Remove ThinLTO cache flags
ThinLTO uses a cache to avoid compilation in some cases. This can be confusing
when debugging, so make sure to remove the various cache flags like
`-Wl,--thinlto-cache-dir`.
### Expand Thin Archives on Command Line
Expand thin archives mentioned in the command line to their individual object files.
The script `tools/clang/scripts/expand_thin_archives.py` can be used for this purpose.
For example:
```sh
$ ../../tools/clang/scripts/expand_thin_archives.py -p=-Wl, -- @base_unittests.rsp > base_unittests.expanded.rsp
```
The `-p` parameter here specifies the prefix for parameters to be passed to the linker.
If you are invoking the linker directly (as opposed to through clang++), the prefix should
be empty.
```sh
$ ../../tools/clang/scripts/expand_thin_archives.py -p='', -- @base_unittests.rsp > base_unittests.expanded.rsp
```
### Remove -Wl,--start-group and -Wl,--end-group
Edit the link command to use the expanded command line, and remove any mention of `-Wl,--start-group`
and `-Wl,--end-group` that surround the expanded command line. For example, if the original command was:
clang++ -fuse-ld=lld -o ./base_unittests -Wl,--start-group @base_unittests.rsp -Wl,--end-group
the new command should be:
clang++ -fuse-ld=lld -o ./base_unittests @base_unittests.expanded.rsp
The reason for this is that the `-start-lib` and `-end-lib` flags that expanding the command
line produces cannot be nested inside `--start-group` and `--end-group`.
### Producing ThinLTO Bitcode Files
In a ThinLTO build, what is normally the compile step that produces native object files
instead produces LLVM bitcode files. A simple example would be:
```sh
$ clang++ -c -flto=thin foo.cpp -o foo.o
```
In a Chromium build, these files reside under `obj/`, and you can generate them using ninja.
For example:
```sh
$ ninja obj/base/base/lock.o
```
These can be fed to `llvm-dis` to produce textual LLVM IR:
```
$ llvm-dis -o - obj/base/base/lock.o | less
```
When using split LTO unit (`-fsplit-lto-unit`, which is required for
some features, CFI among them), this may produce a message like:
llvm-dis: error: Expected a single module
In that case, you can use `llvm-modextract`:
```sh
$ llvm-modextract -n 0 -o - obj/base/base/lock.o | llvm-dis -o - | less
```
### Saving Intermediate Bitcode
The ThinLTO linking process proceeds in a number of stages. The bitcode that is
generated during these stages can be saved by passing `-save-temps` to the linker:
```
$ clang++ -fuse-ld=lld -Wl,-save-temps -o ./base_unittests @base_unittests.expanded.rsp
```
This generates files such as:
- lock.o.0.preopt.bc
- lock.o.3.import.bc
- lock.o.5.precodegen.bc
in the directory where lock.o is (obj/base/base).
These can be fed to `llvm-dis` to produce textual LLVM IR. They show
how the code is transformed as it progresses through ThinLTO stages.
Of particular interest are:
- .3.import.bc, which shows the IR after definitions have been imported from
other modules, but before optimizations. Running this through LLVM's `opt`
tool with the right optimization level can often reproduce issues.
- .5.precodegen.bc, which shows the IR just before it is transformed to native
code. Running this through LLVM's `llc` tool with the right optimization level
can often reproduce issues.
The same `-save-temps` command also produces `base_unittests.resolution.txt`, which
shows symbol resolutions. These look like:
-r=obj/base/test/run_all_base_unittests/run_all_base_unittests.o,main,plx
In this example, run_all_base_unittests.o contains a symbol named
main, with flags plx.
The possible flags are:
- p: prevailing: of symbols with this name, this one has been chosen.
- l: final definition in this linkage unit.
- r: redefined by the linker.
- x: visible to regular (that is, non-LTO) objects.
### Code Generation for a Single Module
To speed up debugging, it may be helpful to limit code generation to a single
module if you know the name of the module (e.g. the module name is in a crash
dump).
`-Wl,--thinlto-single-module=foo` tells ThinLTO to only run
optimizations/codegen on files matching the pattern and skip linking. This is
helpful especially in combination with `-Wl,-save-temps`.
```sh
$ clang++ -fuse-ld=lld -Wl,--thinlto-single-module=obj/base/base/lock.o -o ./base_unittests @base_unittests.expanded.rsp
```
You should see
```sh
[ThinLTO] Selecting obj/base/base/lock.o to compile
```
being printed.
## Tips and tricks
Finding what object files differ between two directories:
```
$ diff -u <(cd out.good && find . -name "*.o" -exec sha1sum {} \; | sort -k2) \
<(cd out.bad && find . -name "*.o" -exec sha1sum {} \; | sort -k2)
```
Or with cmp:
```
$ find good -name "*.o" -exec bash -c 'cmp -s $0 ${0/good/bad} || echo $0' {} \;
```
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