# Sandbox
[TOC]
## Overview
Security is one of the most important goals for Chromium. The key to security is
understanding: we can only truly secure a system if we fully understand its
behaviors with respect to the combination of all possible inputs in all possible
states. For a codebase as large and diverse as Chromium, reasoning about the
combined behavior of all its parts is nearly impossible. The sandbox objective
is to provide hard guarantees about what ultimately a piece of code can or
cannot do no matter what its inputs are.
Sandbox leverages the OS-provided security to allow code execution that cannot
make persistent changes to the computer or access information that is
confidential. The architecture and exact assurances that the sandbox provides
are dependent on the operating system. This document covers the Windows
implementation as well as the general design. The Linux implementation is
described [here](../linux/sandboxing.md), the OSX implementation
[here](http://dev.chromium.org/developers/design-documents/sandbox/osx-sandboxing-design).
If you don't feel like reading this whole document you can read the
[Sandbox FAQ](sandbox_faq.md) instead. A description of what the sandbox does
and doesn't protect against may also be found in the FAQ.
## Design principles
* **Do not re-invent the wheel:** It is tempting to extend the OS kernel with
a better security model. Don't. Let the operating system apply its security
to the objects it controls. On the other hand, it is OK to create
application-level objects (abstractions) that have a custom security model.
* **Principle of least privilege:** This should be applied both to the
sandboxed code and to the code that controls the sandbox. In other words,
the sandbox should work even if the user cannot elevate to super-user.
* **Assume sandboxed code is malicious code:** For threat-modeling purposes,
we consider the sandbox compromised (that is, running malicious code) once
the execution path reaches past a few early calls in the `main()` function.
In practice, it could happen as soon as the first external input is
accepted, or right before the main loop is entered.
* **Be nimble:** Non-malicious code does not try to access resources it cannot
obtain. In this case the sandbox should impose near-zero performance impact.
It's ok to have performance penalties for exceptional cases when a sensitive
resource needs to be touched once in a controlled manner. This is usually
the case if the OS security is used properly.
* **Emulation is not security:** Emulation and virtual machine solutions do
not by themselves provide security. The sandbox should not rely on code
emulation, code translation, or patching to provide security.
## Sandbox Windows architecture
The Windows sandbox is a user-mode only sandbox. There are no special kernel
mode drivers, and the user does not need to be an administrator in order for the
sandbox to operate correctly. The sandbox is designed for both 32-bit and 64-bit
processes and has been tested on all Windows OS flavors from Windows 10.
Sandbox operates at process-level granularity. Anything that needs to be
sandboxed needs to live on a separate process. The minimal sandbox configuration
has two processes: one that is a privileged controller known as the *broker*,
and one or more sandboxed processes known as the *target*. Throughout the
documentation and the code these two terms are used with that precise
connotation. The sandbox is provided as a static library that must be linked to
both the broker and the target executables.
### The broker process
In Chromium, the broker is always the browser process. The broker, is in broad
terms, a privileged controller/supervisor of the activities of the sandboxed
processes. The responsibilities of the broker process are:
1. Specify the policy for each target process
1. Spawn the target processes
1. Host the sandbox policy engine service
1. Host the sandbox interception manager
1. Host the sandbox IPC service (to the target processes)
1. Perform the policy-allowed actions on behalf of the target process
The broker should always outlive all the target processes that it spawned. The
sandbox IPC is a low-level mechanism (different from Chromium's IPC) that is
used to transparently forward certain Windows API calls from the target to the
broker: these calls are evaluated against the policy. The policy-allowed calls
are then executed by the broker and the results returned to the target process
via the same IPC. The job of the interceptions manager is to patch the Windows
API calls that should be forwarded via IPC to the broker.
### The target process
In Chromium, the renderers are always target processes, unless the
`--no-sandbox` command line has been specified for the browser process. The
target process hosts all the code that is going to run inside the sandbox, plus
the sandbox infrastructure client side:
1. All code to be sandboxed
1. The sandbox IPC client
1. The sandbox policy engine client
1. The sandbox interceptions
Items 2,3 and 4 are part of the sandbox library that is linked with the code to
be sandboxed.
The interceptions (also known as hooks) are how Windows API calls are forwarded
via the sandbox IPC to the broker. It is up to the broker to re-issue the API
calls and return the results or simply fail the calls. The interception + IPC
mechanism does not provide security; it is designed to provide compatibility
when code inside the sandbox cannot be modified to cope with sandbox
restrictions. To save unnecessary IPCs, policy is also evaluated in the target
process before making an IPC call, although this is not used as a security
guarantee but merely a speed optimization.
It is the expectation that in the future most plugins will run inside a target
process.
## Sandbox restrictions
At its core, the sandbox relies on the protection provided by four Windows
mechanisms:
* A restricted token
* The Windows *job* object
* The Windows *desktop* object
* Integrity levels
These mechanisms are highly effective at protecting the OS, its configuration,
and the user's data provided that:
* All the securable resources have a better than null security descriptor. In
other words, there are no critical resources with misconfigured security.
* The computer is not already compromised by malware.
* Third party software does not weaken the security of the system.
** Note that extra mitigations above and beyond this base/core will be described
in the "Process Mitigations" section below.
### The token
One issue that other similar sandbox projects face is how restricted can the
token and job be while still having a properly functioning process. For the
Chromium sandbox, the most restrictive token takes the following form:
#### Regular Groups
* Logon SID : mandatory
* All other SIDs : deny only, mandatory
#### Restricted Groups
* S-1-0-0 : mandatory
#### Privileges
* None
#### Integrity
* Untrusted integrity level label (S-1-16-0x0)
With the caveats described above, it is near impossible to find an existing
resource that the OS will grant access with such a token. As long as the disk
root directories have non-null security, even files with null security cannot be
accessed. The Chromium renderer runs with this token, which means that almost
all resources that the renderer process uses have been acquired by the Browser
and their handles duplicated into the renderer process.
Note that the token is not derived from anonymous or from the guest token; it is
derived from the user's token and thus associated to the user logon. As a
result, any auditing that the system or the domain has in place can still be
used.
By design, the sandbox token cannot protect the non-securable resources such as:
* Mounted FAT or FAT32 volumes: The security descriptor on them is effectively
null. Malware running in the target can read and write to these volumes as
long it can guess or deduce their paths.
* TCP/IP: The security of TCP/IP sockets in Windows 2000 and Windows XP (but
not in Vista) is effectively null. It might be possible for malicious code
in the target to send and receive network packets to any host.
* Some unlabelled objects, such as anonymous shared memory sections (e.g.
[bug 338538](https://crbug.com/338538))
See NULL DACLs and Other Dangerous ACE Types, *Secure Coding Techniques*,
195-199 for more information.
### The Job object
The target process also runs under a Job object. Using this Windows mechanism,
some interesting global restrictions that do not have a traditional object or
security descriptor associated with them are enforced:
* Forbid per-use system-wide changes using `SystemParametersInfo()`, which can
be used to swap the mouse buttons or set the screen saver timeout
* Forbid the creation or switch of Desktops
* Forbid changes to the per-user display configuration such as resolution and
primary display
* No read or write to the clipboard
* Forbid Windows message broadcasts
* Forbid setting global Windows hooks (using `SetWindowsHookEx()`)
* Forbid access to the global atoms table
* Forbid access to USER handles created outside the Job object
* One active process limit (disallows creating child processes)
Chromium renderers normally run with all these restrictions active. Each
renderer runs in its own Job object. Using the Job object, the sandbox can (but
currently does not) prevent:
* Excessive use of CPU cycles
* Excessive use of memory
* Excessive use of IO
More information about Windows Job Objects can be found
[here](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/procthread/job-objects).
### The alternate desktop
The token and the job object define a security boundary: that is, all processes
with the same token and in the same job object are effectively in the same
security context. However, one not-well-understood fact is that applications
that have windows on the same desktop are also effectively in the same security
context because the sending and receiving of window messages is not subject to
any security checks. Sending messages across desktops is not allowed. This is
the source of the infamous "shatter" attacks, which is why services should not
host windows on the interactive desktop. A Windows desktop is a regular kernel
object that can be created and assigned a security descriptor.
In a standard Windows installation, at least two desktops are attached to the
interactive window station; the regular (default) desktop, and the logon
desktop. The sandbox creates a third desktop that is associated to all target
processes. This desktop is never visible or interactive and effectively isolates
the sandboxed processes from snooping the user's interaction and from sending
messages to windows operating at more privileged contexts.
The only disadvantage of an alternate desktop is that it uses approximately 4MB
of RAM from a separate pool, possibly more on Vista.
More information about Window Stations
### The integrity levels
Integrity levels are available on Windows Vista and later versions. They don't
define a security boundary in the strict sense, but they do provide a form of
mandatory access control (MAC) and act as the basis of Microsoft's Internet
Explorer sandbox.
Integrity levels are implemented as a special set of SID and ACL entries
representing five levels of increasing privilege: untrusted, low, medium, high,
system. Access to an object may be restricted if the object is at a higher
integrity level than the requesting token. Integrity levels also implement User
Interface Privilege Isolation, which applies the rules of integrity levels to
window messages exchanged between different processes on the same desktop.
By default, a token can read an object of a higher integrity level, but not
write to it. Most desktop applications run at medium integrity (MI), while less
trusted processes like Internet Explorer's protected mode and our GPU sandbox
run at low integrity (LI), while our renderer processes run at the lowest
Untrusted integrity level.
A low integrity level token can access only the following shared resources:
* Read access to most files
* Write access to `%USER PROFILE%\AppData\LocalLow`
* Read access to most of the registry
* Write access to `HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\AppDataLow`
* Clipboard (copy and paste for certain formats)
* Remote procedure call (RPC)
* TCP/IP Sockets
* Window messages exposed via `ChangeWindowMessageFilter`
* Shared memory exposed via LI (low integrity) labels
* COM interfaces with LI (low integrity) launch activation rights
* Named pipes exposed via LI (low integrity) labels
While an Untrusted integrity level can only write to resources which have a null
DACL or an explicit Untrusted Mandatory Level.
You'll notice that the previously described attributes of the token, job object,
and alternate desktop are more restrictive, and would in fact block access to
everything allowed in the above list. So, the integrity level is a bit redundant
with the other measures, but it can be seen as an additional degree of
defense-in-depth, and its use has no visible impact on performance or resource
usage.
The integrity level of different Chrome components will change over time as
functionality is split into smaller services. At M75 the browser, crash handler,
and network utility processes run at Medium integrity, the GPU process at Low
and most remaining services including isolated renderers at Untrusted.
More information on integrity levels can be found
[here](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb625963.aspx) and in Chapter 7
of *Windows Internals, Part 1, 7th Ed.*.
### Process mitigation policies
Most process mitigation policies can be applied to the target process by means
of SetProcessMitigationPolicy. The sandbox uses this API to set various policies
on the target process for enforcing security characteristics.
#### Relocate Images:
* >= Win8
* Address-load randomization (ASLR) on all images in process (and must be
supported by all images).
#### Heap Terminate:
* >= Win8
* Terminates the process on Windows heap corruption.
#### Bottom-up ASLR:
* >= Win8
* Sets random lower bound as minimum user address for the process.
#### High-entropy ASLR:
* >= Win8
* Increases randomness range for bottom-up ASLR to 1TB.
#### Strict Handle Checks:
* >= Win8
* Immediately raises an exception on a bad handle reference.
#### Win32k.sys lockdown:
* >= Win8
* `ProcessSystemCallDisablePolicy`, which allows selective disabling of system
calls available from the target process.
* Renderer processes now have this set to `DisallowWin32kSystemCalls` which
means that calls from user mode that are serviced by `win32k.sys` are no
longer permitted. This significantly reduces the kernel attack surface
available from a renderer. See
[here](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gJDlk-9xkh6_8M_awrczWCaUuyr0Zd2TKjNBCiPO_G4)
for more details.
#### Disable Extension Points (legacy hooking):
* >= Win8
* `ProcessExtensionPointDisablePolicy`
* The following injection vectors are blocked:
* AppInit DLLs Winsock Layered Service Providers (LSPs)
* Global Window Hooks (not thread-targeted hooks)
* Legacy Input Method Editors (IMEs)
#### Control Flow Guard (CFG):
* >= Win8.1 Update 3 (KB3000850)
* Enabled in all chrome.exe processes. Not compiled into all chrome binaries.
* Takes advantage of CFG security in Microsoft system DLLs in our processes.
* Compiler/Linker opt-in, not a run-time policy opt-in. See
[MSDN](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/mt637065\(v=vs.85\).aspx).
#### CET Shadow Stack:
* Available in Windows 10 2004 December Update.
* Is not enabled in the renderer. See
[ticket](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1136224),
[MSDN](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/reference/cetcompat?view=vs-2019).
#### Disable Font Loading:
* >= Win10
* `ProcessFontDisablePolicy`
#### Disable Loading of Unsigned Code (CIG):
* >= Win10 TH2
* `ProcessSignaturePolicy`
* Prevents loading unsigned code into our processes. This means attackers
can't just LoadLibrary a DLL after gaining execution (which shouldn't be
possible anyway due to other sandbox mitigations), but more importantly,
prevents third party DLLs from being injected into our processes, which can
affect stability and our ability to enable other security mitigations.
* Enabled (post-startup) for all sandboxed child processes.
* Enabled (pre-startup) for sandboxed renderer processes. This eliminates a
process launch time gap where local injection of improperly signed DLLs into
a renderer process could occur.
* See
[msedgedev blog](https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2017/02/23/mitigating-arbitrary-native-code-execution/)
for more background on this mitigation.
#### Disable Image Load from Remote Devices:
* >= Win10 TH2
* `ProcessImageLoadPolicy`
* E.g. UNC path to network resource.
#### Disable Image Load of "mandatory low" (low integrity level):
* >= Win10 TH2
* `ProcessImageLoadPolicy`
* E.g. temporary internet files.
#### Extra Disable Child Process Creation:
* >= Win10 TH2
* If the Job level <= `JOB_LIMITED_USER`, set
`PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_CHILD_PROCESS_POLICY` to
`PROCESS_CREATION_CHILD_PROCESS_RESTRICTED` via
`UpdateProcThreadAttribute()`.
* This is an extra layer of defense, given that Job levels can be broken out
of. See also:
[ticket](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=213&redir=1),
[Project Zero blog](http://googleprojectzero.blogspot.co.uk/2015/05/in-console-able.html).
#### Disable Dynamic Code (ACG):
* >= Windows 10 RS1
* `ProcessDynamicCodePolicy` - Also known as Arbitrary Code Guard (ACG).
* With ACG enabled, the Windows kernel prevents a process from creating and
modifying code pages in memory by enforcing that all code pages are
immutable and new unsigned code pages cannot be created. This will cause
code that attempts to modify or inject into these processes to fail, such as
certain attempts to corrupt browser memory, and some third party DLLs.
* This is enabled by default for sandboxed service utility processes, and for
sandboxed renderer processes that perform no JIT (just-in-time) compilation,
and can be enabled for the browser process via the
`BrowserDynamicCodeDisabled` feature.
### App Container (low box token):
* In Windows this is implemented at the kernel level by a Low Box token which
is a stripped version of a normal token with limited privilege (normally
just `SeChangeNotifyPrivilege` and `SeIncreaseWorkingSetPrivilege`), running
at Low integrity level and an array of "Capabilities" which can be mapped to
allow/deny what the process is allowed to do (see
[MSDN](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/hh464936.aspx)
for a high level description). The capability most interesting from a
sandbox perspective is denying is access to the network, as it turns out
network checks are enforced if the token is a Low Box token and the
`INTERNET_CLIENT` Capability is not present.
* The sandbox therefore takes the existing restricted token and adds the Low
Box attributes, without granting any Capabilities, so as to gain the
additional protection of no network access from the sandboxed process.
### Less Privileged App Container (LPAC)
* An extension of the App Container (see above) available on later versions of
Windows 10 (RS2 and greater), the Less Privileged App Container (LPAC) runs
at a lower privilege level than normal App Container, with access granted by
default to only those kernel, filesystem and registry objects marked with
the `ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES` or a specific package SID. This is
opposed to App Container which uses `ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES`.
* A key characteristic of the LPAC is that specific named capabilities can be
added such as those based on well known SIDs (defined in
[`base/win/sid.h`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/base/win/sid.h)) or
via 'named capabilities' resolved through call to
[DeriveCapabilitySidsFromName](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/securitybaseapi/nf-securitybaseapi-derivecapabilitysidsfromname)
which are not really strictly defined anywhere but can be found in various
[places](https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/scriptcenter/en-US/3e7d85e3-d0e1-4e79-8141-0bbf8faf3644/windows-10-anniversary-update-the-case-of-the-mysterious-account-sid-causing-the-flood-of-dcom?forum=win10itprosetup)
and include capabilities such as:
* `lpacCom`
* `registryRead`
* `lpacWebPlatform`
* `lpacClipboard`
* etc...
* Each LPAC process can have a process-specific SID created for it and
this can be used to protect files specific to that particular sandbox,
and there can be multiple different overlapping sets of access rights
depending on the interactions between services running in different
sandboxes.
#### LPAC File System Permissions
* Importantly, all locations in the filesystem and registry that the LPAC
process will access during its lifetime need to have the right ACLs on them.
`registryRead` is important for registry read access, and Windows system
files have `ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES` ACE on them already, but
other files that the sandbox process needs access to including the binaries
(e.g. chrome.exe, chrome.dll) and also any data files need ACLs to be laid
down. This is typically done by the installer, and also done automatically
for tests. However, if the LPAC sandbox is to be used in other environments
then these filesystem permissions need to be manually laid down using
`icacls`, the installer, or a similar tool. An example of a ACE that could
be used can be found in
[`testing/scripts/common.py`](https://cs.chromium.org/chromium/src/testing/scripts/common.py)
however in high security environments a more restrictive SID should be used
such as one from the
[installer](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:chrome/installer/setup/install_worker.cc;l=74).
### Other caveats
The operating system might have bugs. Of interest are bugs in the Windows API
that allow the bypass of the regular security checks. If such a bug exists,
malware will be able to bypass the sandbox restrictions and broker policy and
possibly compromise the computer. Under Windows, there is no practical way to
prevent code in the sandbox from calling a system service.
In addition, third party software, particularly anti-malware solutions, can
create new attack vectors. The most troublesome are applications that inject
dlls in order to enable some (usually unwanted) capability. These dlls will also
get injected in the sandbox process. In the best case they will malfunction, and
in the worst case can create backdoors to other processes or to the file system
itself, enabling specially crafted malware to escape the sandbox.
## Sandbox policy
The actual restrictions applied to a target process are configured by a policy.
The policy is just a programmatic interface that the broker calls to define the
restrictions and allowances. Four functions control the restrictions, roughly
corresponding to the four Windows mechanisms:
* `TargetPolicy::SetTokenLevel()`
* `TargetPolicy::SetJobLevel()`
* `TargetPolicy::SetIntegrityLevel()`
* `TargetPolicy::SetDesktop()`
The first three calls take an integer level parameter that goes from very strict
to very loose; for example, the token level has 7 levels and the job level has 5
levels. Chromium renderers are typically run with the most strict level in all
four mechanisms. Finally, the last (desktop) policy is binary and can only be
used to indicate if a target is run on an alternate desktop or not.
The restrictions are by design coarse in that they affect all securable
resources that the target can touch, but sometimes a more finely-grained
resolution is needed. The policy interface allows the broker to specify
exceptions. An exception is a way to take a specific Windows API call issued in
the target and proxy it over to the broker. The broker can inspect the
parameters and re-issue the call as is, re-issue the call with different
parameters, or simply deny the call. To specify exceptions there is a single
call: `AddRule`. The following kinds of rules for different Windows subsystems
are supported at this time:
* Files
* Named pipes
* Process creation
* Registry
* Synchronization objects
The exact form of the rules for each subsystem varies, but in general rules are
triggered based on a string pattern. For example, a possible file rule is:
```
AddRule(SUBSYS_FILES, FILES_ALLOW_READONLY, L"c:\\temp\\app_log\\d*.dmp")
```
This rule specifies that access will be granted if a target wants to open a
file, for read-only access as long as the file matches the pattern expression;
for example `c:\temp\app_log\domino.dmp` is a file that satisfies the pattern.
Consult the header files for an up-to-date list of supported objects and
supported actions.
Rules can only be added before each target process is spawned, and cannot be
modified while a target is running, but different targets can have different
rules.
### Diagnostics
In Chromium, the policies associated with active processes can be viewed at
chrome://sandbox. Tracing of the `sandbox` category will output the policy used
when a process is launched. Tracing can be enabled using chrome://tracing or by
using the `--trace-startup=-*,disabled-by-default-sandbox` command line flag.
Trace output can be investigated with `//tools/win/trace-sandbox-viewer.py`.
## Target bootstrapping
Targets do not start executing with the restrictions specified by policy. They
start executing with a token that is very close to the token the regular user
processes have. The reason is that during process bootstrapping the OS loader
accesses a lot of resources, most of them are actually undocumented and can
change at any time. Also, most applications use the standard CRT provided with
the standard development tools; after the process is bootstrapped the CRT needs
to initialize as well and there again the internals of the CRT initialization
are undocumented.
Therefore, during the bootstrapping phase the process actually uses two tokens:
the lockdown token which is the process token as is and the initial token which
is set as the impersonation token of the initial thread. In fact the actual
`SetTokenLevel` definition is:
```
SetTokenLevel(TokenLevel initial, TokenLevel lockdown)
```
After all the critical initialization is done, execution continues at `main()`
or `WinMain()`, here the two tokens are still active, but only the initial
thread can use the more powerful initial token. It is the target's
responsibility to discard the initial token when ready. This is done with a
single call:
```
LowerToken()
```
After this call is issued by the target the only token available is the lockdown
token and the full sandbox restrictions go into effect. The effects of this call
cannot be undone. Note that the initial token is a impersonation token only
valid for the main thread, other threads created in the target process use only
the lockdown token and therefore should not attempt to obtain any system
resources subject to a security check.
The fact that the target starts with a privileged token simplifies the explicit
policy since anything privileged that needs to be done once, at process startup
can be done before the `LowerToken()` call and does not require to have rules in
the policy.
**Important**
Make sure any sensitive OS handles obtained with the initial token are closed
before calling LowerToken(). Any leaked handle can be abused by malware to
escape the sandbox.
Codebase Browser
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