/*!
Provides a noncontiguous NFA implementation of Aho-Corasick.
This is a low-level API that generally only needs to be used in niche
circumstances. When possible, prefer using [`AhoCorasick`](crate::AhoCorasick)
instead of a noncontiguous NFA directly. Using an `NFA` directly is typically
only necessary when one needs access to the [`Automaton`] trait implementation.
*/
use alloc::{
collections::{BTreeSet, VecDeque},
vec,
vec::Vec,
};
use crate::{
automaton::Automaton,
util::{
alphabet::{ByteClassSet, ByteClasses},
error::{BuildError, MatchError},
prefilter::{self, opposite_ascii_case, Prefilter},
primitives::{IteratorIndexExt, PatternID, SmallIndex, StateID},
remapper::Remapper,
search::{Anchored, MatchKind},
special::Special,
},
};
/// A noncontiguous NFA implementation of Aho-Corasick.
///
/// When possible, prefer using [`AhoCorasick`](crate::AhoCorasick) instead of
/// this type directly. Using an `NFA` directly is typically only necessary
/// when one needs access to the [`Automaton`] trait implementation.
///
/// This NFA represents the "core" implementation of Aho-Corasick in this
/// crate. Namely, constructing this NFA involving building a trie and then
/// filling in the failure transitions between states, similar to what is
/// described in any standard textbook description of Aho-Corasick.
///
/// In order to minimize heap usage and to avoid additional construction costs,
/// this implementation represents the transitions of all states as distinct
/// sparse memory allocations. This is where it gets its name from. That is,
/// this NFA has no contiguous memory allocation for its transition table. Each
/// state gets its own allocation.
///
/// While the sparse representation keeps memory usage to somewhat reasonable
/// levels, it is still quite large and also results in somewhat mediocre
/// search performance. For this reason, it is almost always a good idea to
/// use a [`contiguous::NFA`](crate::nfa::contiguous::NFA) instead. It is
/// marginally slower to build, but has higher throughput and can sometimes use
/// an order of magnitude less memory. The main reason to use a noncontiguous
/// NFA is when you need the fastest possible construction time, or when a
/// contiguous NFA does not have the desired capacity. (The total number of NFA
/// states it can have is fewer than a noncontiguous NFA.)
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows how to build an `NFA` directly and use it to execute
/// [`Automaton::try_find`]:
///
/// ```
/// use aho_corasick::{
/// automaton::Automaton,
/// nfa::noncontiguous::NFA,
/// Input, Match,
/// };
///
/// let patterns = &["b", "abc", "abcd"];
/// let haystack = "abcd";
///
/// let nfa = NFA::new(patterns).unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(
/// Some(Match::must(0, 1..2)),
/// nfa.try_find(&Input::new(haystack))?,
/// );
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
///
/// It is also possible to implement your own version of `try_find`. See the
/// [`Automaton`] documentation for an example.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct NFA {
/// The match semantics built into this NFA.
match_kind: MatchKind,
/// A set of states. Each state defines its own transitions, a fail
/// transition and a set of indices corresponding to matches.
///
/// The first state is always the fail state, which is used only as a
/// sentinel. Namely, in the final NFA, no transition into the fail state
/// exists. (Well, they do, but they aren't followed. Instead, the state's
/// failure transition is followed.)
///
/// The second state (index 1) is always the dead state. Dead states are
/// in every automaton, but only used when leftmost-{first,longest} match
/// semantics are enabled. Specifically, they instruct search to stop
/// at specific points in order to report the correct match location. In
/// the standard Aho-Corasick construction, there are no transitions to
/// the dead state.
///
/// The third state (index 2) is generally intended to be the starting or
/// "root" state.
states: Vec<State>,
/// Transitions stored in a sparse representation via a linked list.
///
/// Each transition contains three pieces of information: the byte it
/// is defined for, the state it transitions to and a link to the next
/// transition in the same state (or `StateID::ZERO` if it is the last
/// transition).
///
/// The first transition for each state is determined by `State::sparse`.
///
/// Note that this contains a complete set of all transitions in this NFA,
/// including states that have a dense representation for transitions.
/// (Adding dense transitions for a state doesn't remove its sparse
/// transitions, since deleting transitions from this particular sparse
/// representation would be fairly expensive.)
sparse: Vec<Transition>,
/// Transitions stored in a dense representation.
///
/// A state has a row in this table if and only if `State::dense` is
/// not equal to `StateID::ZERO`. When not zero, there are precisely
/// `NFA::byte_classes::alphabet_len()` entries beginning at `State::dense`
/// in this table.
///
/// Generally a very small minority of states have a dense representation
/// since it uses so much memory.
dense: Vec<StateID>,
/// Matches stored in linked list for each state.
///
/// Like sparse transitions, each match has a link to the next match in the
/// state.
///
/// The first match for each state is determined by `State::matches`.
matches: Vec<Match>,
/// The length, in bytes, of each pattern in this NFA. This slice is
/// indexed by `PatternID`.
///
/// The number of entries in this vector corresponds to the total number of
/// patterns in this automaton.
pattern_lens: Vec<SmallIndex>,
/// A prefilter for quickly skipping to candidate matches, if pertinent.
prefilter: Option<Prefilter>,
/// A set of equivalence classes in terms of bytes. We compute this while
/// building the NFA, but don't use it in the NFA's states. Instead, we
/// use this for building the DFA. We store it on the NFA since it's easy
/// to compute while visiting the patterns.
byte_classes: ByteClasses,
/// The length, in bytes, of the shortest pattern in this automaton. This
/// information is useful for detecting whether an automaton matches the
/// empty string or not.
min_pattern_len: usize,
/// The length, in bytes, of the longest pattern in this automaton. This
/// information is useful for keeping correct buffer sizes when searching
/// on streams.
max_pattern_len: usize,
/// The information required to deduce which states are "special" in this
/// NFA.
///
/// Since the DEAD and FAIL states are always the first two states and
/// there are only ever two start states (which follow all of the match
/// states), it follows that we can determine whether a state is a fail,
/// dead, match or start with just a few comparisons on the ID itself:
///
/// is_dead(sid): sid == NFA::DEAD
/// is_fail(sid): sid == NFA::FAIL
/// is_match(sid): NFA::FAIL < sid && sid <= max_match_id
/// is_start(sid): sid == start_unanchored_id || sid == start_anchored_id
///
/// Note that this only applies to the NFA after it has been constructed.
/// During construction, the start states are the first ones added and the
/// match states are inter-leaved with non-match states. Once all of the
/// states have been added, the states are shuffled such that the above
/// predicates hold.
special: Special,
}
impl NFA {
/// Create a new Aho-Corasick noncontiguous NFA using the default
/// configuration.
///
/// Use a [`Builder`] if you want to change the configuration.
pub fn new<I, P>(patterns: I) -> Result<NFA, BuildError>
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
P: AsRef<[u8]>,
{
NFA::builder().build(patterns)
}
/// A convenience method for returning a new Aho-Corasick noncontiguous NFA
/// builder.
///
/// This usually permits one to just import the `NFA` type.
pub fn builder() -> Builder {
Builder::new()
}
}
impl NFA {
/// The DEAD state is a sentinel state like the FAIL state. The DEAD state
/// instructs any search to stop and return any currently recorded match,
/// or no match otherwise. Generally speaking, it is impossible for an
/// unanchored standard search to enter a DEAD state. But an anchored
/// search can, and so to can a leftmost search.
///
/// We put DEAD before FAIL so that DEAD is always 0. We repeat this
/// decision across the other Aho-Corasicm automata, so that DEAD
/// states there are always 0 too. It's not that we need all of the
/// implementations to agree, but rather, the contiguous NFA and the DFA
/// use a sort of "premultiplied" state identifier where the only state
/// whose ID is always known and constant is the first state. Subsequent
/// state IDs depend on how much space has already been used in the
/// transition table.
pub(crate) const DEAD: StateID = StateID::new_unchecked(0);
/// The FAIL state mostly just corresponds to the ID of any transition on a
/// state that isn't explicitly defined. When one transitions into the FAIL
/// state, one must follow the previous state's failure transition before
/// doing the next state lookup. In this way, FAIL is more of a sentinel
/// than a state that one actually transitions into. In particular, it is
/// never exposed in the `Automaton` interface.
pub(crate) const FAIL: StateID = StateID::new_unchecked(1);
/// Returns the equivalence classes of bytes found while constructing
/// this NFA.
///
/// Note that the NFA doesn't actually make use of these equivalence
/// classes. Instead, these are useful for building the DFA when desired.
pub(crate) fn byte_classes(&self) -> &ByteClasses {
&self.byte_classes
}
/// Returns a slice containing the length of each pattern in this searcher.
/// It is indexed by `PatternID` and has length `NFA::patterns_len`.
///
/// This is exposed for convenience when building a contiguous NFA. But it
/// can be reconstructed from the `Automaton` API if necessary.
pub(crate) fn pattern_lens_raw(&self) -> &[SmallIndex] {
&self.pattern_lens
}
/// Returns a slice of all states in this non-contiguous NFA.
pub(crate) fn states(&self) -> &[State] {
&self.states
}
/// Returns the underlying "special" state information for this NFA.
pub(crate) fn special(&self) -> &Special {
&self.special
}
/// Swaps the states at `id1` and `id2`.
///
/// This does not update the transitions of any state to account for the
/// state swap.
pub(crate) fn swap_states(&mut self, id1: StateID, id2: StateID) {
self.states.swap(id1.as_usize(), id2.as_usize());
}
/// Re-maps all state IDs in this NFA according to the `map` function
/// given.
pub(crate) fn remap(&mut self, map: impl Fn(StateID) -> StateID) {
let alphabet_len = self.byte_classes.alphabet_len();
for state in self.states.iter_mut() {
state.fail = map(state.fail);
let mut link = state.sparse;
while link != StateID::ZERO {
let t = &mut self.sparse[link];
t.next = map(t.next);
link = t.link;
}
if state.dense != StateID::ZERO {
let start = state.dense.as_usize();
for next in self.dense[start..][..alphabet_len].iter_mut() {
*next = map(*next);
}
}
}
}
/// Iterate over all of the transitions for the given state ID.
pub(crate) fn iter_trans(
&self,
sid: StateID,
) -> impl Iterator<Item = Transition> + '_ {
let mut link = self.states[sid].sparse;
core::iter::from_fn(move || {
if link == StateID::ZERO {
return None;
}
let t = self.sparse[link];
link = t.link;
Some(t)
})
}
/// Iterate over all of the matches for the given state ID.
pub(crate) fn iter_matches(
&self,
sid: StateID,
) -> impl Iterator<Item = PatternID> + '_ {
let mut link = self.states[sid].matches;
core::iter::from_fn(move || {
if link == StateID::ZERO {
return None;
}
let m = self.matches[link];
link = m.link;
Some(m.pid)
})
}
/// Return the link following the one given. If the one given is the last
/// link for the given state, then return `None`.
///
/// If no previous link is given, then this returns the first link in the
/// state, if one exists.
///
/// This is useful for manually iterating over the transitions in a single
/// state without borrowing the NFA. This permits mutating other parts of
/// the NFA during iteration. Namely, one can access the transition pointed
/// to by the link via `self.sparse[link]`.
fn next_link(
&self,
sid: StateID,
prev: Option<StateID>,
) -> Option<StateID> {
let link =
prev.map_or(self.states[sid].sparse, |p| self.sparse[p].link);
if link == StateID::ZERO {
None
} else {
Some(link)
}
}
/// Follow the transition for the given byte in the given state. If no such
/// transition exists, then the FAIL state ID is returned.
#[inline(always)]
fn follow_transition(&self, sid: StateID, byte: u8) -> StateID {
let s = &self.states[sid];
// This is a special case that targets starting states and states
// near a start state. Namely, after the initial trie is constructed,
// we look for states close to the start state to convert to a dense
// representation for their transitions. This winds up using a lot more
// memory per state in exchange for faster transition lookups. But
// since we only do this for a small number of states (by default), the
// memory usage is usually minimal.
//
// This has *massive* benefit when executing searches because the
// unanchored starting state is by far the hottest state and is
// frequently visited. Moreover, the 'for' loop below that works
// decently on an actually sparse state is disastrous on a state that
// is nearly or completely dense.
if s.dense == StateID::ZERO {
self.follow_transition_sparse(sid, byte)
} else {
let class = usize::from(self.byte_classes.get(byte));
self.dense[s.dense.as_usize() + class]
}
}
/// Like `follow_transition`, but always uses the sparse representation.
#[inline(always)]
fn follow_transition_sparse(&self, sid: StateID, byte: u8) -> StateID {
for t in self.iter_trans(sid) {
if byte <= t.byte {
if byte == t.byte {
return t.next;
}
break;
}
}
NFA::FAIL
}
/// Set the transition for the given byte to the state ID given.
///
/// Note that one should not set transitions to the FAIL state. It is not
/// technically incorrect, but it wastes space. If a transition is not
/// defined, then it is automatically assumed to lead to the FAIL state.
fn add_transition(
&mut self,
prev: StateID,
byte: u8,
next: StateID,
) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
if self.states[prev].dense != StateID::ZERO {
let dense = self.states[prev].dense;
let class = usize::from(self.byte_classes.get(byte));
self.dense[dense.as_usize() + class] = next;
}
let head = self.states[prev].sparse;
if head == StateID::ZERO || byte < self.sparse[head].byte {
let new_link = self.alloc_transition()?;
self.sparse[new_link] = Transition { byte, next, link: head };
self.states[prev].sparse = new_link;
return Ok(());
} else if byte == self.sparse[head].byte {
self.sparse[head].next = next;
return Ok(());
}
// We handled the only cases where the beginning of the transition
// chain needs to change. At this point, we now know that there is
// at least one entry in the transition chain and the byte for that
// transition is less than the byte for the transition we're adding.
let (mut link_prev, mut link_next) = (head, self.sparse[head].link);
while link_next != StateID::ZERO && byte > self.sparse[link_next].byte
{
link_prev = link_next;
link_next = self.sparse[link_next].link;
}
if link_next == StateID::ZERO || byte < self.sparse[link_next].byte {
let link = self.alloc_transition()?;
self.sparse[link] = Transition { byte, next, link: link_next };
self.sparse[link_prev].link = link;
} else {
assert_eq!(byte, self.sparse[link_next].byte);
self.sparse[link_next].next = next;
}
Ok(())
}
/// This sets every possible transition (all 255 of them) for the given
/// state to the name `next` value.
///
/// This is useful for efficiently initializing start/dead states.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// This requires that the state has no transitions added to it already.
/// If it has any transitions, then this panics. It will also panic if
/// the state has been densified prior to calling this.
fn init_full_state(
&mut self,
prev: StateID,
next: StateID,
) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
assert_eq!(
StateID::ZERO,
self.states[prev].dense,
"state must not be dense yet"
);
assert_eq!(
StateID::ZERO,
self.states[prev].sparse,
"state must have zero transitions"
);
let mut prev_link = StateID::ZERO;
for byte in 0..=255 {
let new_link = self.alloc_transition()?;
self.sparse[new_link] =
Transition { byte, next, link: StateID::ZERO };
if prev_link == StateID::ZERO {
self.states[prev].sparse = new_link;
} else {
self.sparse[prev_link].link = new_link;
}
prev_link = new_link;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Add a match for the given pattern ID to the state for the given ID.
fn add_match(
&mut self,
sid: StateID,
pid: PatternID,
) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
let head = self.states[sid].matches;
let mut link = head;
while self.matches[link].link != StateID::ZERO {
link = self.matches[link].link;
}
let new_match_link = self.alloc_match()?;
self.matches[new_match_link].pid = pid;
if link == StateID::ZERO {
self.states[sid].matches = new_match_link;
} else {
self.matches[link].link = new_match_link;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Copy matches from the `src` state to the `dst` state. This is useful
/// when a match state can be reached via a failure transition. In which
/// case, you'll want to copy the matches (if any) from the state reached
/// by the failure transition to the original state you were at.
fn copy_matches(
&mut self,
src: StateID,
dst: StateID,
) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
let head_dst = self.states[dst].matches;
let mut link_dst = head_dst;
while self.matches[link_dst].link != StateID::ZERO {
link_dst = self.matches[link_dst].link;
}
let mut link_src = self.states[src].matches;
while link_src != StateID::ZERO {
let new_match_link =
StateID::new(self.matches.len()).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::state_id_overflow(
StateID::MAX.as_u64(),
e.attempted(),
)
})?;
self.matches.push(Match {
pid: self.matches[link_src].pid,
link: StateID::ZERO,
});
if link_dst == StateID::ZERO {
self.states[dst].matches = new_match_link;
} else {
self.matches[link_dst].link = new_match_link;
}
link_dst = new_match_link;
link_src = self.matches[link_src].link;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Create a new entry in `NFA::trans`, if there's room, and return that
/// entry's ID. If there's no room, then an error is returned.
fn alloc_transition(&mut self) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> {
let id = StateID::new(self.sparse.len()).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::state_id_overflow(StateID::MAX.as_u64(), e.attempted())
})?;
self.sparse.push(Transition::default());
Ok(id)
}
/// Create a new entry in `NFA::matches`, if there's room, and return that
/// entry's ID. If there's no room, then an error is returned.
fn alloc_match(&mut self) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> {
let id = StateID::new(self.matches.len()).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::state_id_overflow(StateID::MAX.as_u64(), e.attempted())
})?;
self.matches.push(Match::default());
Ok(id)
}
/// Create a new set of `N` transitions in this NFA's dense transition
/// table. The ID return corresponds to the index at which the `N`
/// transitions begin. So `id+0` is the first transition and `id+(N-1)` is
/// the last.
///
/// `N` is determined via `NFA::byte_classes::alphabet_len`.
fn alloc_dense_state(&mut self) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> {
let id = StateID::new(self.dense.len()).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::state_id_overflow(StateID::MAX.as_u64(), e.attempted())
})?;
// We use FAIL because it's the correct default. If a state doesn't
// have a transition defined for every possible byte value, then the
// transition function should return NFA::FAIL.
self.dense.extend(
core::iter::repeat(NFA::FAIL)
.take(self.byte_classes.alphabet_len()),
);
Ok(id)
}
/// Allocate and add a fresh state to the underlying NFA and return its
/// ID (guaranteed to be one more than the ID of the previously allocated
/// state). If the ID would overflow `StateID`, then this returns an error.
fn alloc_state(&mut self, depth: usize) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> {
// This is OK because we error when building the trie if we see a
// pattern whose length cannot fit into a 'SmallIndex', and the longest
// possible depth corresponds to the length of the longest pattern.
let depth = SmallIndex::new(depth)
.expect("patterns longer than SmallIndex::MAX are not allowed");
let id = StateID::new(self.states.len()).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::state_id_overflow(StateID::MAX.as_u64(), e.attempted())
})?;
self.states.push(State {
sparse: StateID::ZERO,
dense: StateID::ZERO,
matches: StateID::ZERO,
fail: self.special.start_unanchored_id,
depth,
});
Ok(id)
}
}
// SAFETY: 'start_state' always returns a valid state ID, 'next_state' always
// returns a valid state ID given a valid state ID. We otherwise claim that
// all other methods are correct as well.
unsafe impl Automaton for NFA {
#[inline(always)]
fn start_state(&self, anchored: Anchored) -> Result<StateID, MatchError> {
match anchored {
Anchored::No => Ok(self.special.start_unanchored_id),
Anchored::Yes => Ok(self.special.start_anchored_id),
}
}
#[inline(always)]
fn next_state(
&self,
anchored: Anchored,
mut sid: StateID,
byte: u8,
) -> StateID {
// This terminates since:
//
// 1. state.fail never points to the FAIL state.
// 2. All state.fail values point to a state closer to the start state.
// 3. The start state has no transitions to the FAIL state.
loop {
let next = self.follow_transition(sid, byte);
if next != NFA::FAIL {
return next;
}
// For an anchored search, we never follow failure transitions
// because failure transitions lead us down a path to matching
// a *proper* suffix of the path we were on. Thus, it can only
// produce matches that appear after the beginning of the search.
if anchored.is_anchored() {
return NFA::DEAD;
}
sid = self.states[sid].fail();
}
}
#[inline(always)]
fn is_special(&self, sid: StateID) -> bool {
sid <= self.special.max_special_id
}
#[inline(always)]
fn is_dead(&self, sid: StateID) -> bool {
sid == NFA::DEAD
}
#[inline(always)]
fn is_match(&self, sid: StateID) -> bool {
// N.B. This returns true when sid==NFA::FAIL but that's okay because
// NFA::FAIL is not actually a valid state ID from the perspective of
// the Automaton trait. Namely, it is never returned by 'start_state'
// or by 'next_state'. So we don't need to care about it here.
!self.is_dead(sid) && sid <= self.special.max_match_id
}
#[inline(always)]
fn is_start(&self, sid: StateID) -> bool {
sid == self.special.start_unanchored_id
|| sid == self.special.start_anchored_id
}
#[inline(always)]
fn match_kind(&self) -> MatchKind {
self.match_kind
}
#[inline(always)]
fn patterns_len(&self) -> usize {
self.pattern_lens.len()
}
#[inline(always)]
fn pattern_len(&self, pid: PatternID) -> usize {
self.pattern_lens[pid].as_usize()
}
#[inline(always)]
fn min_pattern_len(&self) -> usize {
self.min_pattern_len
}
#[inline(always)]
fn max_pattern_len(&self) -> usize {
self.max_pattern_len
}
#[inline(always)]
fn match_len(&self, sid: StateID) -> usize {
self.iter_matches(sid).count()
}
#[inline(always)]
fn match_pattern(&self, sid: StateID, index: usize) -> PatternID {
self.iter_matches(sid).nth(index).unwrap()
}
#[inline(always)]
fn memory_usage(&self) -> usize {
self.states.len() * core::mem::size_of::<State>()
+ self.sparse.len() * core::mem::size_of::<Transition>()
+ self.matches.len() * core::mem::size_of::<Match>()
+ self.dense.len() * StateID::SIZE
+ self.pattern_lens.len() * SmallIndex::SIZE
+ self.prefilter.as_ref().map_or(0, |p| p.memory_usage())
}
#[inline(always)]
fn prefilter(&self) -> Option<&Prefilter> {
self.prefilter.as_ref()
}
}
/// A representation of a sparse NFA state for an Aho-Corasick automaton.
///
/// It contains the transitions to the next state, a failure transition for
/// cases where there exists no other transition for the current input byte
/// and the matches implied by visiting this state (if any).
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub(crate) struct State {
/// A pointer to `NFA::trans` corresponding to the head of a linked list
/// containing all of the transitions for this state.
///
/// This is `StateID::ZERO` if and only if this state has zero transitions.
sparse: StateID,
/// A pointer to a row of `N` transitions in `NFA::dense`. These
/// transitions correspond precisely to what is obtained by traversing
/// `sparse`, but permits constant time lookup.
///
/// When this is zero (which is true for most states in the default
/// configuration), then this state has no dense representation.
///
/// Note that `N` is equal to `NFA::byte_classes::alphabet_len()`. This is
/// typically much less than 256 (the maximum value).
dense: StateID,
/// A pointer to `NFA::matches` corresponding to the head of a linked list
/// containing all of the matches for this state.
///
/// This is `StateID::ZERO` if and only if this state is not a match state.
matches: StateID,
/// The state that should be transitioned to if the current byte in the
/// haystack does not have a corresponding transition defined in this
/// state.
fail: StateID,
/// The depth of this state. Specifically, this is the distance from this
/// state to the starting state. (For the special sentinel states DEAD and
/// FAIL, their depth is always 0.) The depth of a starting state is 0.
///
/// Note that depth is currently not used in this non-contiguous NFA. It
/// may in the future, but it is used in the contiguous NFA. Namely, it
/// permits an optimization where states near the starting state have their
/// transitions stored in a dense fashion, but all other states have their
/// transitions stored in a sparse fashion. (This non-contiguous NFA uses
/// a sparse representation for all states unconditionally.) In any case,
/// this is really the only convenient place to compute and store this
/// information, which we need when building the contiguous NFA.
depth: SmallIndex,
}
impl State {
/// Return true if and only if this state is a match state.
pub(crate) fn is_match(&self) -> bool {
self.matches != StateID::ZERO
}
/// Returns the failure transition for this state.
pub(crate) fn fail(&self) -> StateID {
self.fail
}
/// Returns the depth of this state. That is, the number of transitions
/// this state is from the start state of the NFA.
pub(crate) fn depth(&self) -> SmallIndex {
self.depth
}
}
/// A single transition in a non-contiguous NFA.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default)]
#[repr(packed)]
pub(crate) struct Transition {
byte: u8,
next: StateID,
link: StateID,
}
impl Transition {
/// Return the byte for which this transition is defined.
pub(crate) fn byte(&self) -> u8 {
self.byte
}
/// Return the ID of the state that this transition points to.
pub(crate) fn next(&self) -> StateID {
self.next
}
/// Return the ID of the next transition.
fn link(&self) -> StateID {
self.link
}
}
impl core::fmt::Debug for Transition {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
write!(
f,
"Transition(byte: {:X?}, next: {:?}, link: {:?})",
self.byte,
self.next().as_usize(),
self.link().as_usize()
)
}
}
/// A single match in a non-contiguous NFA.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default)]
struct Match {
pid: PatternID,
link: StateID,
}
impl Match {
/// Return the pattern ID for this match.
pub(crate) fn pattern(&self) -> PatternID {
self.pid
}
/// Return the ID of the next match.
fn link(&self) -> StateID {
self.link
}
}
impl core::fmt::Debug for Match {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
write!(
f,
"Match(pid: {:?}, link: {:?})",
self.pattern().as_usize(),
self.link().as_usize()
)
}
}
/// A builder for configuring an Aho-Corasick noncontiguous NFA.
///
/// This builder has a subset of the options available to a
/// [`AhoCorasickBuilder`](crate::AhoCorasickBuilder). Of the shared options,
/// their behavior is identical.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Builder {
match_kind: MatchKind,
prefilter: bool,
ascii_case_insensitive: bool,
dense_depth: usize,
}
impl Default for Builder {
fn default() -> Builder {
Builder {
match_kind: MatchKind::default(),
prefilter: true,
ascii_case_insensitive: false,
dense_depth: 3,
}
}
}
impl Builder {
/// Create a new builder for configuring an Aho-Corasick noncontiguous NFA.
pub fn new() -> Builder {
Builder::default()
}
/// Build an Aho-Corasick noncontiguous NFA from the given iterator of
/// patterns.
///
/// A builder may be reused to create more NFAs.
pub fn build<I, P>(&self, patterns: I) -> Result<NFA, BuildError>
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
P: AsRef<[u8]>,
{
debug!("building non-contiguous NFA");
let nfa = Compiler::new(self)?.compile(patterns)?;
debug!(
"non-contiguous NFA built, <states: {:?}, size: {:?}>",
nfa.states.len(),
nfa.memory_usage()
);
Ok(nfa)
}
/// Set the desired match semantics.
///
/// See
/// [`AhoCorasickBuilder::match_kind`](crate::AhoCorasickBuilder::match_kind)
/// for more documentation and examples.
pub fn match_kind(&mut self, kind: MatchKind) -> &mut Builder {
self.match_kind = kind;
self
}
/// Enable ASCII-aware case insensitive matching.
///
/// See
/// [`AhoCorasickBuilder::ascii_case_insensitive`](crate::AhoCorasickBuilder::ascii_case_insensitive)
/// for more documentation and examples.
pub fn ascii_case_insensitive(&mut self, yes: bool) -> &mut Builder {
self.ascii_case_insensitive = yes;
self
}
/// Set the limit on how many states use a dense representation for their
/// transitions. Other states will generally use a sparse representation.
///
/// See
/// [`AhoCorasickBuilder::dense_depth`](crate::AhoCorasickBuilder::dense_depth)
/// for more documentation and examples.
pub fn dense_depth(&mut self, depth: usize) -> &mut Builder {
self.dense_depth = depth;
self
}
/// Enable heuristic prefilter optimizations.
///
/// See
/// [`AhoCorasickBuilder::prefilter`](crate::AhoCorasickBuilder::prefilter)
/// for more documentation and examples.
pub fn prefilter(&mut self, yes: bool) -> &mut Builder {
self.prefilter = yes;
self
}
}
/// A compiler uses a builder configuration and builds up the NFA formulation
/// of an Aho-Corasick automaton. This roughly corresponds to the standard
/// formulation described in textbooks, with some tweaks to support leftmost
/// searching.
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Compiler<'a> {
builder: &'a Builder,
prefilter: prefilter::Builder,
nfa: NFA,
byteset: ByteClassSet,
}
impl<'a> Compiler<'a> {
fn new(builder: &'a Builder) -> Result<Compiler<'a>, BuildError> {
let prefilter = prefilter::Builder::new(builder.match_kind)
.ascii_case_insensitive(builder.ascii_case_insensitive);
Ok(Compiler {
builder,
prefilter,
nfa: NFA {
match_kind: builder.match_kind,
states: vec![],
sparse: vec![],
dense: vec![],
matches: vec![],
pattern_lens: vec![],
prefilter: None,
byte_classes: ByteClasses::singletons(),
min_pattern_len: usize::MAX,
max_pattern_len: 0,
special: Special::zero(),
},
byteset: ByteClassSet::empty(),
})
}
fn compile<I, P>(mut self, patterns: I) -> Result<NFA, BuildError>
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
P: AsRef<[u8]>,
{
// Add dummy transition/match links, so that no valid link will point
// to another link at index 0.
self.nfa.sparse.push(Transition::default());
self.nfa.matches.push(Match::default());
// Add a dummy dense transition so that no states can have dense==0
// represent a valid pointer to dense transitions. This permits
// dense==0 to be a sentinel indicating "no dense transitions."
self.nfa.dense.push(NFA::DEAD);
// the dead state, only used for leftmost and fixed to id==0
self.nfa.alloc_state(0)?;
// the fail state, which is never entered and fixed to id==1
self.nfa.alloc_state(0)?;
// unanchored start state, initially fixed to id==2 but later shuffled
// to appear after all non-start match states.
self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id = self.nfa.alloc_state(0)?;
// anchored start state, initially fixed to id==3 but later shuffled
// to appear after unanchored start state.
self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id = self.nfa.alloc_state(0)?;
// Initialize the unanchored starting state in order to make it dense,
// and thus make transition lookups on this state faster.
self.init_unanchored_start_state()?;
// Set all transitions on the DEAD state to point to itself. This way,
// the DEAD state can never be escaped. It MUST be used as a sentinel
// in any correct search.
self.add_dead_state_loop()?;
// Build the base trie from the given patterns.
self.build_trie(patterns)?;
self.nfa.states.shrink_to_fit();
// Turn our set of bytes into equivalent classes. This NFA
// implementation uses byte classes only for states that use a dense
// representation of transitions. (And that's why this comes before
// `self.densify()`, as the byte classes need to be set first.)
self.nfa.byte_classes = self.byteset.byte_classes();
// Add transitions (and maybe matches) to the anchored starting state.
// The anchored starting state is used for anchored searches. The only
// mechanical difference between it and the unanchored start state is
// that missing transitions map to the DEAD state instead of the FAIL
// state.
self.set_anchored_start_state()?;
// Rewrite transitions to the FAIL state on the unanchored start state
// as self-transitions. This keeps the start state active at all times.
self.add_unanchored_start_state_loop();
// Make some (possibly zero) states use a dense representation for
// transitions. It's important to do this right after the states
// and non-failure transitions are solidified. That way, subsequent
// accesses (particularly `fill_failure_transitions`) will benefit from
// the faster transition lookup in densified states.
self.densify()?;
// The meat of the Aho-Corasick algorithm: compute and write failure
// transitions. i.e., the state to move to when a transition isn't
// defined in the current state. These are epsilon transitions and thus
// make this formulation an NFA.
self.fill_failure_transitions()?;
// Handle a special case under leftmost semantics when at least one
// of the patterns is the empty string.
self.close_start_state_loop_for_leftmost();
// Shuffle states so that we have DEAD, FAIL, MATCH, ..., START, START,
// NON-MATCH, ... This permits us to very quickly query the type of
// the state we're currently in during a search.
self.shuffle();
self.nfa.prefilter = self.prefilter.build();
// Store the maximum ID of all *relevant* special states. Start states
// are only relevant when we have a prefilter, otherwise, there is zero
// reason to care about whether a state is a start state or not during
// a search. Indeed, without a prefilter, we are careful to explicitly
// NOT care about start states, otherwise the search can ping pong
// between the unrolled loop and the handling of special-status states
// and destroy perf.
self.nfa.special.max_special_id = if self.nfa.prefilter.is_some() {
// Why the anchored starting state? Because we always put it
// after the unanchored starting state and it is therefore the
// maximum. Why put unanchored followed by anchored? No particular
// reason, but that's how the states are logically organized in the
// Thompson NFA implementation found in regex-automata. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id
} else {
self.nfa.special.max_match_id
};
self.nfa.sparse.shrink_to_fit();
self.nfa.dense.shrink_to_fit();
self.nfa.matches.shrink_to_fit();
self.nfa.pattern_lens.shrink_to_fit();
Ok(self.nfa)
}
/// This sets up the initial prefix trie that makes up the Aho-Corasick
/// automaton. Effectively, it creates the basic structure of the
/// automaton, where every pattern given has a path from the start state to
/// the end of the pattern.
fn build_trie<I, P>(&mut self, patterns: I) -> Result<(), BuildError>
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
P: AsRef<[u8]>,
{
'PATTERNS: for (i, pat) in patterns.into_iter().enumerate() {
let pid = PatternID::new(i).map_err(|e| {
BuildError::pattern_id_overflow(
PatternID::MAX.as_u64(),
e.attempted(),
)
})?;
let pat = pat.as_ref();
let patlen = SmallIndex::new(pat.len())
.map_err(|_| BuildError::pattern_too_long(pid, pat.len()))?;
self.nfa.min_pattern_len =
core::cmp::min(self.nfa.min_pattern_len, pat.len());
self.nfa.max_pattern_len =
core::cmp::max(self.nfa.max_pattern_len, pat.len());
assert_eq!(
i,
self.nfa.pattern_lens.len(),
"expected number of patterns to match pattern ID"
);
self.nfa.pattern_lens.push(patlen);
// We add the pattern to the prefilter here because the pattern
// ID in the prefilter is determined with respect to the patterns
// added to the prefilter. That is, it isn't the ID we have here,
// but the one determined by its own accounting of patterns.
// To ensure they line up, we add every pattern we see to the
// prefilter, even if some patterns ultimately are impossible to
// match (in leftmost-first semantics specifically).
//
// Another way of doing this would be to expose an API in the
// prefilter to permit setting your own pattern IDs. Or to just use
// our own map and go between them. But this case is sufficiently
// rare that we don't bother and just make sure they're in sync.
if self.builder.prefilter {
self.prefilter.add(pat);
}
let mut prev = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id;
let mut saw_match = false;
for (depth, &b) in pat.iter().enumerate() {
// When leftmost-first match semantics are requested, we
// specifically stop adding patterns when a previously added
// pattern is a prefix of it. We avoid adding it because
// leftmost-first semantics imply that the pattern can never
// match. This is not just an optimization to save space! It
// is necessary for correctness. In fact, this is the only
// difference in the automaton between the implementations for
// leftmost-first and leftmost-longest.
saw_match = saw_match || self.nfa.states[prev].is_match();
if self.builder.match_kind.is_leftmost_first() && saw_match {
// Skip to the next pattern immediately. This avoids
// incorrectly adding a match after this loop terminates.
continue 'PATTERNS;
}
// Add this byte to our equivalence classes. These don't
// get used while building the trie, but other Aho-Corasick
// implementations may use them.
self.byteset.set_range(b, b);
if self.builder.ascii_case_insensitive {
let b = opposite_ascii_case(b);
self.byteset.set_range(b, b);
}
// If the transition from prev using the current byte already
// exists, then just move through it. Otherwise, add a new
// state. We track the depth here so that we can determine
// how to represent transitions. States near the start state
// use a dense representation that uses more memory but is
// faster. Other states use a sparse representation that uses
// less memory but is slower.
let next = self.nfa.follow_transition(prev, b);
if next != NFA::FAIL {
prev = next;
} else {
let next = self.nfa.alloc_state(depth)?;
self.nfa.add_transition(prev, b, next)?;
if self.builder.ascii_case_insensitive {
let b = opposite_ascii_case(b);
self.nfa.add_transition(prev, b, next)?;
}
prev = next;
}
}
// Once the pattern has been added, log the match in the final
// state that it reached.
self.nfa.add_match(prev, pid)?;
}
Ok(())
}
/// This routine creates failure transitions according to the standard
/// textbook formulation of the Aho-Corasick algorithm, with a couple small
/// tweaks to support "leftmost" semantics.
///
/// Building failure transitions is the most interesting part of building
/// the Aho-Corasick automaton, because they are what allow searches to
/// be performed in linear time. Specifically, a failure transition is
/// a single transition associated with each state that points back to
/// the longest proper suffix of the pattern being searched. The failure
/// transition is followed whenever there exists no transition on the
/// current state for the current input byte. If there is no other proper
/// suffix, then the failure transition points back to the starting state.
///
/// For example, let's say we built an Aho-Corasick automaton with the
/// following patterns: 'abcd' and 'cef'. The trie looks like this:
///
/// ```ignore
/// a - S1 - b - S2 - c - S3 - d - S4*
/// /
/// S0 - c - S5 - e - S6 - f - S7*
/// ```
///
/// At this point, it should be fairly straight-forward to see how this
/// trie can be used in a simplistic way. At any given position in the
/// text we're searching (called the "subject" string), all we need to do
/// is follow the transitions in the trie by consuming one transition for
/// each byte in the subject string. If we reach a match state, then we can
/// report that location as a match.
///
/// The trick comes when searching a subject string like 'abcef'. We'll
/// initially follow the transition from S0 to S1 and wind up in S3 after
/// observng the 'c' byte. At this point, the next byte is 'e' but state
/// S3 has no transition for 'e', so the search fails. We then would need
/// to restart the search at the next position in 'abcef', which
/// corresponds to 'b'. The match would fail, but the next search starting
/// at 'c' would finally succeed. The problem with this approach is that
/// we wind up searching the subject string potentially many times. In
/// effect, this makes the algorithm have worst case `O(n * m)` complexity,
/// where `n ~ len(subject)` and `m ~ len(all patterns)`. We would instead
/// like to achieve a `O(n + m)` worst case complexity.
///
/// This is where failure transitions come in. Instead of dying at S3 in
/// the first search, the automaton can instruct the search to move to
/// another part of the automaton that corresponds to a suffix of what
/// we've seen so far. Recall that we've seen 'abc' in the subject string,
/// and the automaton does indeed have a non-empty suffix, 'c', that could
/// potentially lead to another match. Thus, the actual Aho-Corasick
/// automaton for our patterns in this case looks like this:
///
/// ```ignore
/// a - S1 - b - S2 - c - S3 - d - S4*
/// / /
/// / ----------------
/// / /
/// S0 - c - S5 - e - S6 - f - S7*
/// ```
///
/// That is, we have a failure transition from S3 to S5, which is followed
/// exactly in cases when we are in state S3 but see any byte other than
/// 'd' (that is, we've "failed" to find a match in this portion of our
/// trie). We know we can transition back to S5 because we've already seen
/// a 'c' byte, so we don't need to re-scan it. We can then pick back up
/// with the search starting at S5 and complete our match.
///
/// Adding failure transitions to a trie is fairly simple, but subtle. The
/// key issue is that you might have multiple failure transition that you
/// need to follow. For example, look at the trie for the patterns
/// 'abcd', 'b', 'bcd' and 'cd':
///
/// ```ignore
/// - a - S1 - b - S2* - c - S3 - d - S4*
/// / / /
/// / ------- -------
/// / / /
/// S0 --- b - S5* - c - S6 - d - S7*
/// \ /
/// \ --------
/// \ /
/// - c - S8 - d - S9*
/// ```
///
/// The failure transitions for this trie are defined from S2 to S5,
/// S3 to S6 and S6 to S8. Moreover, state S2 needs to track that it
/// corresponds to a match, since its failure transition to S5 is itself
/// a match state.
///
/// Perhaps simplest way to think about adding these failure transitions
/// is recursively. That is, if you know the failure transitions for every
/// possible previous state that could be visited (e.g., when computing the
/// failure transition for S3, you already know the failure transitions
/// for S0, S1 and S2), then you can simply follow the failure transition
/// of the previous state and check whether the incoming transition is
/// defined after following the failure transition.
///
/// For example, when determining the failure state for S3, by our
/// assumptions, we already know that there is a failure transition from
/// S2 (the previous state) to S5. So we follow that transition and check
/// whether the transition connecting S2 to S3 is defined. Indeed, it is,
/// as there is a transition from S5 to S6 for the byte 'c'. If no such
/// transition existed, we could keep following the failure transitions
/// until we reach the start state, which is the failure transition for
/// every state that has no corresponding proper suffix.
///
/// We don't actually use recursion to implement this, but instead, use a
/// breadth first search of the automaton. Our base case is the start
/// state, whose failure transition is just a transition to itself.
///
/// When building a leftmost automaton, we proceed as above, but only
/// include a subset of failure transitions. Namely, we omit any failure
/// transitions that appear after a match state in the trie. This is
/// because failure transitions always point back to a proper suffix of
/// what has been seen so far. Thus, following a failure transition after
/// a match implies looking for a match that starts after the one that has
/// already been seen, which is of course therefore not the leftmost match.
///
/// N.B. I came up with this algorithm on my own, and after scouring all of
/// the other AC implementations I know of (Perl, Snort, many on GitHub).
/// I couldn't find any that implement leftmost semantics like this.
/// Perl of course needs leftmost-first semantics, but they implement it
/// with a seeming hack at *search* time instead of encoding it into the
/// automaton. There are also a couple Java libraries that support leftmost
/// longest semantics, but they do it by building a queue of matches at
/// search time, which is even worse than what Perl is doing. ---AG
fn fill_failure_transitions(&mut self) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
let is_leftmost = self.builder.match_kind.is_leftmost();
let start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id;
// Initialize the queue for breadth first search with all transitions
// out of the start state. We handle the start state specially because
// we only want to follow non-self transitions. If we followed self
// transitions, then this would never terminate.
let mut queue = VecDeque::new();
let mut seen = self.queued_set();
let mut prev_link = None;
while let Some(link) = self.nfa.next_link(start_uid, prev_link) {
prev_link = Some(link);
let t = self.nfa.sparse[link];
// Skip anything we've seen before and any self-transitions on the
// start state.
if start_uid == t.next() || seen.contains(t.next) {
continue;
}
queue.push_back(t.next);
seen.insert(t.next);
// Under leftmost semantics, if a state immediately following
// the start state is a match state, then we never want to
// follow its failure transition since the failure transition
// necessarily leads back to the start state, which we never
// want to do for leftmost matching after a match has been
// found.
//
// We apply the same logic to non-start states below as well.
if is_leftmost && self.nfa.states[t.next].is_match() {
self.nfa.states[t.next].fail = NFA::DEAD;
}
}
while let Some(id) = queue.pop_front() {
let mut prev_link = None;
while let Some(link) = self.nfa.next_link(id, prev_link) {
prev_link = Some(link);
let t = self.nfa.sparse[link];
if seen.contains(t.next) {
// The only way to visit a duplicate state in a transition
// list is when ASCII case insensitivity is enabled. In
// this case, we want to skip it since it's redundant work.
// But it would also end up duplicating matches, which
// results in reporting duplicate matches in some cases.
// See the 'acasei010' regression test.
continue;
}
queue.push_back(t.next);
seen.insert(t.next);
// As above for start states, under leftmost semantics, once
// we see a match all subsequent states should have no failure
// transitions because failure transitions always imply looking
// for a match that is a suffix of what has been seen so far
// (where "seen so far" corresponds to the string formed by
// following the transitions from the start state to the
// current state). Under leftmost semantics, we specifically do
// not want to allow this to happen because we always want to
// report the match found at the leftmost position.
//
// The difference between leftmost-first and leftmost-longest
// occurs previously while we build the trie. For
// leftmost-first, we simply omit any entries that would
// otherwise require passing through a match state.
//
// Note that for correctness, the failure transition has to be
// set to the dead state for ALL states following a match, not
// just the match state itself. However, by setting the failure
// transition to the dead state on all match states, the dead
// state will automatically propagate to all subsequent states
// via the failure state computation below.
if is_leftmost && self.nfa.states[t.next].is_match() {
self.nfa.states[t.next].fail = NFA::DEAD;
continue;
}
let mut fail = self.nfa.states[id].fail;
while self.nfa.follow_transition(fail, t.byte) == NFA::FAIL {
fail = self.nfa.states[fail].fail;
}
fail = self.nfa.follow_transition(fail, t.byte);
self.nfa.states[t.next].fail = fail;
self.nfa.copy_matches(fail, t.next)?;
}
// If the start state is a match state, then this automaton can
// match the empty string. This implies all states are match states
// since every position matches the empty string, so copy the
// matches from the start state to every state. Strictly speaking,
// this is only necessary for overlapping matches since each
// non-empty non-start match state needs to report empty matches
// in addition to its own. For the non-overlapping case, such
// states only report the first match, which is never empty since
// it isn't a start state.
if !is_leftmost {
self.nfa
.copy_matches(self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id, id)?;
}
}
Ok(())
}
/// Shuffle the states so that they appear in this sequence:
///
/// DEAD, FAIL, MATCH..., START, START, NON-MATCH...
///
/// The idea here is that if we know how special states are laid out in our
/// transition table, then we can determine what "kind" of state we're in
/// just by comparing our current state ID with a particular value. In this
/// way, we avoid doing extra memory lookups.
///
/// Before shuffling begins, our states look something like this:
///
/// DEAD, FAIL, START, START, (MATCH | NON-MATCH)...
///
/// So all we need to do is move all of the MATCH states so that they
/// all appear before any NON-MATCH state, like so:
///
/// DEAD, FAIL, START, START, MATCH... NON-MATCH...
///
/// Then it's just a simple matter of swapping the two START states with
/// the last two MATCH states.
///
/// (This is the same technique used for fully compiled DFAs in
/// regex-automata.)
fn shuffle(&mut self) {
let old_start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id;
let old_start_aid = self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id;
assert!(old_start_uid < old_start_aid);
assert_eq!(
3,
old_start_aid.as_usize(),
"anchored start state should be at index 3"
);
// We implement shuffling by a sequence of pairwise swaps of states.
// Since we have a number of things referencing states via their
// IDs and swapping them changes their IDs, we need to record every
// swap we make so that we can remap IDs. The remapper handles this
// book-keeping for us.
let mut remapper = Remapper::new(&self.nfa, 0);
// The way we proceed here is by moving all match states so that
// they directly follow the start states. So it will go: DEAD, FAIL,
// START-UNANCHORED, START-ANCHORED, MATCH, ..., NON-MATCH, ...
//
// To do that, we proceed forward through all states after
// START-ANCHORED and swap match states so that they appear before all
// non-match states.
let mut next_avail = StateID::from(4u8);
for i in next_avail.as_usize()..self.nfa.states.len() {
let sid = StateID::new(i).unwrap();
if !self.nfa.states[sid].is_match() {
continue;
}
remapper.swap(&mut self.nfa, sid, next_avail);
// The key invariant here is that only non-match states exist
// between 'next_avail' and 'sid' (with them being potentially
// equivalent). Thus, incrementing 'next_avail' by 1 is guaranteed
// to land on the leftmost non-match state. (Unless 'next_avail'
// and 'sid' are equivalent, in which case, a swap will occur but
// it is a no-op.)
next_avail = StateID::new(next_avail.one_more()).unwrap();
}
// Now we'd like to move the start states to immediately following the
// match states. (The start states may themselves be match states, but
// we'll handle that later.) We arrange the states this way so that we
// don't necessarily need to check whether a state is a start state or
// not before checking whether a state is a match state. For example,
// we'd like to be able to write this as our state machine loop:
//
// sid = start()
// for byte in haystack:
// sid = next(sid, byte)
// if sid <= nfa.max_start_id:
// if sid <= nfa.max_dead_id:
// # search complete
// elif sid <= nfa.max_match_id:
// # found match
//
// The important context here is that we might not want to look for
// start states at all. Namely, if a searcher doesn't have a prefilter,
// then there is no reason to care about whether we're in a start state
// or not. And indeed, if we did check for it, this very hot loop would
// ping pong between the special state handling and the main state
// transition logic. This in turn stalls the CPU by killing branch
// prediction.
//
// So essentially, we really want to be able to "forget" that start
// states even exist and this is why we put them at the end.
let new_start_aid =
StateID::new(next_avail.as_usize().checked_sub(1).unwrap())
.unwrap();
remapper.swap(&mut self.nfa, old_start_aid, new_start_aid);
let new_start_uid =
StateID::new(next_avail.as_usize().checked_sub(2).unwrap())
.unwrap();
remapper.swap(&mut self.nfa, old_start_uid, new_start_uid);
let new_max_match_id =
StateID::new(next_avail.as_usize().checked_sub(3).unwrap())
.unwrap();
self.nfa.special.max_match_id = new_max_match_id;
self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id = new_start_uid;
self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id = new_start_aid;
// If one start state is a match state, then they both are.
if self.nfa.states[self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id].is_match() {
self.nfa.special.max_match_id = self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id;
}
remapper.remap(&mut self.nfa);
}
/// Attempts to convert the transition representation of a subset of states
/// in this NFA from sparse to dense. This can greatly improve search
/// performance since states with a higher number of transitions tend to
/// correlate with very active states.
///
/// We generally only densify states that are close to the start state.
/// These tend to be the most active states and thus benefit from a dense
/// representation more than other states.
///
/// This tends to best balance between memory usage and performance. In
/// particular, the *vast majority* of all states in a typical Aho-Corasick
/// automaton have only 1 transition and are usually farther from the start
/// state and thus don't get densified.
///
/// Note that this doesn't remove the sparse representation of transitions
/// for states that are densified. It could be done, but actually removing
/// entries from `NFA::sparse` is likely more expensive than it's worth.
fn densify(&mut self) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
for i in 0..self.nfa.states.len() {
let sid = StateID::new(i).unwrap();
// Don't bother densifying states that are only used as sentinels.
if sid == NFA::DEAD || sid == NFA::FAIL {
continue;
}
// Only densify states that are "close enough" to the start state.
if self.nfa.states[sid].depth.as_usize()
>= self.builder.dense_depth
{
continue;
}
let dense = self.nfa.alloc_dense_state()?;
let mut prev_link = None;
while let Some(link) = self.nfa.next_link(sid, prev_link) {
prev_link = Some(link);
let t = self.nfa.sparse[link];
let class = usize::from(self.nfa.byte_classes.get(t.byte));
let index = dense.as_usize() + class;
self.nfa.dense[index] = t.next;
}
self.nfa.states[sid].dense = dense;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Returns a set that tracked queued states.
///
/// This is only necessary when ASCII case insensitivity is enabled, since
/// it is the only way to visit the same state twice. Otherwise, this
/// returns an inert set that nevers adds anything and always reports
/// `false` for every member test.
fn queued_set(&self) -> QueuedSet {
if self.builder.ascii_case_insensitive {
QueuedSet::active()
} else {
QueuedSet::inert()
}
}
/// Initializes the unanchored start state by making it dense. This is
/// achieved by explicitly setting every transition to the FAIL state.
/// This isn't necessary for correctness, since any missing transition is
/// automatically assumed to be mapped to the FAIL state. We do this to
/// make the unanchored starting state dense, and thus in turn make
/// transition lookups on it faster. (Which is worth doing because it's
/// the most active state.)
fn init_unanchored_start_state(&mut self) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
let start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id;
let start_aid = self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id;
self.nfa.init_full_state(start_uid, NFA::FAIL)?;
self.nfa.init_full_state(start_aid, NFA::FAIL)?;
Ok(())
}
/// Setup the anchored start state by copying all of the transitions and
/// matches from the unanchored starting state with one change: the failure
/// transition is changed to the DEAD state, so that for any undefined
/// transitions, the search will stop.
fn set_anchored_start_state(&mut self) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
let start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id;
let start_aid = self.nfa.special.start_anchored_id;
let (mut uprev_link, mut aprev_link) = (None, None);
loop {
let unext = self.nfa.next_link(start_uid, uprev_link);
let anext = self.nfa.next_link(start_aid, aprev_link);
let (ulink, alink) = match (unext, anext) {
(Some(ulink), Some(alink)) => (ulink, alink),
(None, None) => break,
_ => unreachable!(),
};
uprev_link = Some(ulink);
aprev_link = Some(alink);
self.nfa.sparse[alink].next = self.nfa.sparse[ulink].next;
}
self.nfa.copy_matches(start_uid, start_aid)?;
// This is the main difference between the unanchored and anchored
// starting states. If a lookup on an anchored starting state fails,
// then the search should stop.
//
// N.B. This assumes that the loop on the unanchored starting state
// hasn't been created yet.
self.nfa.states[start_aid].fail = NFA::DEAD;
Ok(())
}
/// Set the failure transitions on the start state to loop back to the
/// start state. This effectively permits the Aho-Corasick automaton to
/// match at any position. This is also required for finding the next
/// state to terminate, namely, finding the next state should never return
/// a fail_id.
///
/// This must be done after building the initial trie, since trie
/// construction depends on transitions to `fail_id` to determine whether a
/// state already exists or not.
fn add_unanchored_start_state_loop(&mut self) {
let start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id;
let mut prev_link = None;
while let Some(link) = self.nfa.next_link(start_uid, prev_link) {
prev_link = Some(link);
if self.nfa.sparse[link].next() == NFA::FAIL {
self.nfa.sparse[link].next = start_uid;
}
}
}
/// Remove the start state loop by rewriting any transitions on the start
/// state back to the start state with transitions to the dead state.
///
/// The loop is only closed when two conditions are met: the start state
/// is a match state and the match kind is leftmost-first or
/// leftmost-longest.
///
/// The reason for this is that under leftmost semantics, a start state
/// that is also a match implies that we should never restart the search
/// process. We allow normal transitions out of the start state, but if
/// none exist, we transition to the dead state, which signals that
/// searching should stop.
fn close_start_state_loop_for_leftmost(&mut self) {
let start_uid = self.nfa.special.start_unanchored_id;
let start = &mut self.nfa.states[start_uid];
let dense = start.dense;
if self.builder.match_kind.is_leftmost() && start.is_match() {
let mut prev_link = None;
while let Some(link) = self.nfa.next_link(start_uid, prev_link) {
prev_link = Some(link);
if self.nfa.sparse[link].next() == start_uid {
self.nfa.sparse[link].next = NFA::DEAD;
if dense != StateID::ZERO {
let b = self.nfa.sparse[link].byte;
let class = usize::from(self.nfa.byte_classes.get(b));
self.nfa.dense[dense.as_usize() + class] = NFA::DEAD;
}
}
}
}
}
/// Sets all transitions on the dead state to point back to the dead state.
/// Normally, missing transitions map back to the failure state, but the
/// point of the dead state is to act as a sink that can never be escaped.
fn add_dead_state_loop(&mut self) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
self.nfa.init_full_state(NFA::DEAD, NFA::DEAD)?;
Ok(())
}
}
/// A set of state identifiers used to avoid revisiting the same state multiple
/// times when filling in failure transitions.
///
/// This set has an "inert" and an "active" mode. When inert, the set never
/// stores anything and always returns `false` for every member test. This is
/// useful to avoid the performance and memory overhead of maintaining this
/// set when it is not needed.
#[derive(Debug)]
struct QueuedSet {
set: Option<BTreeSet<StateID>>,
}
impl QueuedSet {
/// Return an inert set that returns `false` for every state ID membership
/// test.
fn inert() -> QueuedSet {
QueuedSet { set: None }
}
/// Return an active set that tracks state ID membership.
fn active() -> QueuedSet {
QueuedSet { set: Some(BTreeSet::new()) }
}
/// Inserts the given state ID into this set. (If the set is inert, then
/// this is a no-op.)
fn insert(&mut self, state_id: StateID) {
if let Some(ref mut set) = self.set {
set.insert(state_id);
}
}
/// Returns true if and only if the given state ID is in this set. If the
/// set is inert, this always returns false.
fn contains(&self, state_id: StateID) -> bool {
match self.set {
None => false,
Some(ref set) => set.contains(&state_id),
}
}
}
impl core::fmt::Debug for NFA {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
use crate::{
automaton::{fmt_state_indicator, sparse_transitions},
util::debug::DebugByte,
};
writeln!(f, "noncontiguous::NFA(")?;
for (sid, state) in self.states.iter().with_state_ids() {
// The FAIL state doesn't actually have space for a state allocated
// for it, so we have to treat it as a special case.
if sid == NFA::FAIL {
writeln!(f, "F {:06}:", sid.as_usize())?;
continue;
}
fmt_state_indicator(f, self, sid)?;
write!(
f,
"{:06}({:06}): ",
sid.as_usize(),
state.fail.as_usize()
)?;
let it = sparse_transitions(
self.iter_trans(sid).map(|t| (t.byte, t.next)),
)
.enumerate();
for (i, (start, end, sid)) in it {
if i > 0 {
write!(f, ", ")?;
}
if start == end {
write!(
f,
"{:?} => {:?}",
DebugByte(start),
sid.as_usize()
)?;
} else {
write!(
f,
"{:?}-{:?} => {:?}",
DebugByte(start),
DebugByte(end),
sid.as_usize()
)?;
}
}
write!(f, "\n")?;
if self.is_match(sid) {
write!(f, " matches: ")?;
for (i, pid) in self.iter_matches(sid).enumerate() {
if i > 0 {
write!(f, ", ")?;
}
write!(f, "{}", pid.as_usize())?;
}
write!(f, "\n")?;
}
}
writeln!(f, "match kind: {:?}", self.match_kind)?;
writeln!(f, "prefilter: {:?}", self.prefilter.is_some())?;
writeln!(f, "state length: {:?}", self.states.len())?;
writeln!(f, "pattern length: {:?}", self.patterns_len())?;
writeln!(f, "shortest pattern length: {:?}", self.min_pattern_len)?;
writeln!(f, "longest pattern length: {:?}", self.max_pattern_len)?;
writeln!(f, "memory usage: {:?}", self.memory_usage())?;
writeln!(f, ")")?;
Ok(())
}
}
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