/*!
A DFA that can return spans for matching capturing groups.
This module is the home of a [one-pass DFA](DFA).
This module also contains a [`Builder`] and a [`Config`] for building and
configuring a one-pass DFA.
*/
// A note on naming and credit:
//
// As far as I know, Russ Cox came up with the practical vision and
// implementation of a "one-pass regex engine." He mentions and describes it
// briefly in the third article of his regexp article series:
// https://swtch.com/~rsc/regexp/regexp3.html
//
// Cox's implementation is in RE2, and the implementation below is most
// heavily inspired by RE2's. The key thing they have in common is that
// their transitions are defined over an alphabet of bytes. In contrast,
// Go's regex engine also has a one-pass engine, but its transitions are
// more firmly rooted on Unicode codepoints. The ideas are the same, but the
// implementations are different.
//
// RE2 tends to call this a "one-pass NFA." Here, we call it a "one-pass DFA."
// They're both true in their own ways:
//
// * The "one-pass" criterion is generally a property of the NFA itself. In
// particular, it is said that an NFA is one-pass if, after each byte of input
// during a search, there is at most one "VM thread" remaining to take for the
// next byte of input. That is, there is never any ambiguity as to the path to
// take through the NFA during a search.
//
// * On the other hand, once a one-pass NFA has its representation converted
// to something where a constant number of instructions is used for each byte
// of input, the implementation looks a lot more like a DFA. It's technically
// more powerful than a DFA since it has side effects (storing offsets inside
// of slots activated by a transition), but it is far closer to a DFA than an
// NFA simulation.
//
// Thus, in this crate, we call it a one-pass DFA.
use alloc::{vec, vec::Vec};
use crate::{
dfa::{remapper::Remapper, DEAD},
nfa::thompson::{self, NFA},
util::{
alphabet::ByteClasses,
captures::Captures,
escape::DebugByte,
int::{Usize, U32, U64, U8},
look::{Look, LookSet, UnicodeWordBoundaryError},
primitives::{NonMaxUsize, PatternID, StateID},
search::{Anchored, Input, Match, MatchError, MatchKind, Span},
sparse_set::SparseSet,
},
};
/// The configuration used for building a [one-pass DFA](DFA).
///
/// A one-pass DFA configuration is a simple data object that is typically used
/// with [`Builder::configure`]. It can be cheaply cloned.
///
/// A default configuration can be created either with `Config::new`, or
/// perhaps more conveniently, with [`DFA::config`].
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
pub struct Config {
match_kind: Option<MatchKind>,
starts_for_each_pattern: Option<bool>,
byte_classes: Option<bool>,
size_limit: Option<Option<usize>>,
}
impl Config {
/// Return a new default one-pass DFA configuration.
pub fn new() -> Config {
Config::default()
}
/// Set the desired match semantics.
///
/// The default is [`MatchKind::LeftmostFirst`], which corresponds to the
/// match semantics of Perl-like regex engines. That is, when multiple
/// patterns would match at the same leftmost position, the pattern that
/// appears first in the concrete syntax is chosen.
///
/// Currently, the only other kind of match semantics supported is
/// [`MatchKind::All`]. This corresponds to "classical DFA" construction
/// where all possible matches are visited.
///
/// When it comes to the one-pass DFA, it is rarer for preference order and
/// "longest match" to actually disagree. Since if they did disagree, then
/// the regex typically isn't one-pass. For example, searching `Samwise`
/// for `Sam|Samwise` will report `Sam` for leftmost-first matching and
/// `Samwise` for "longest match" or "all" matching. However, this regex is
/// not one-pass if taken literally. The equivalent regex, `Sam(?:|wise)`
/// is one-pass and `Sam|Samwise` may be optimized to it.
///
/// The other main difference is that "all" match semantics don't support
/// non-greedy matches. "All" match semantics always try to match as much
/// as possible.
pub fn match_kind(mut self, kind: MatchKind) -> Config {
self.match_kind = Some(kind);
self
}
/// Whether to compile a separate start state for each pattern in the
/// one-pass DFA.
///
/// When enabled, a separate **anchored** start state is added for each
/// pattern in the DFA. When this start state is used, then the DFA will
/// only search for matches for the pattern specified, even if there are
/// other patterns in the DFA.
///
/// The main downside of this option is that it can potentially increase
/// the size of the DFA and/or increase the time it takes to build the DFA.
///
/// You might want to enable this option when you want to both search for
/// anchored matches of any pattern or to search for anchored matches of
/// one particular pattern while using the same DFA. (Otherwise, you would
/// need to compile a new DFA for each pattern.)
///
/// By default this is disabled.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows how to build a multi-regex and then search for
/// matches for a any of the patterns or matches for a specific pattern.
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{
/// dfa::onepass::DFA, Anchored, Input, Match, PatternID,
/// };
///
/// let re = DFA::builder()
/// .configure(DFA::config().starts_for_each_pattern(true))
/// .build_many(&["[a-z]+", "[0-9]+"])?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
/// let haystack = "123abc";
/// let input = Input::new(haystack).anchored(Anchored::Yes);
///
/// // A normal multi-pattern search will show pattern 1 matches.
/// re.try_search(&mut cache, &input, &mut caps)?;
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(1, 0..3)), caps.get_match());
///
/// // If we only want to report pattern 0 matches, then we'll get no
/// // match here.
/// let input = input.anchored(Anchored::Pattern(PatternID::must(0)));
/// re.try_search(&mut cache, &input, &mut caps)?;
/// assert_eq!(None, caps.get_match());
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
pub fn starts_for_each_pattern(mut self, yes: bool) -> Config {
self.starts_for_each_pattern = Some(yes);
self
}
/// Whether to attempt to shrink the size of the DFA's alphabet or not.
///
/// This option is enabled by default and should never be disabled unless
/// one is debugging a one-pass DFA.
///
/// When enabled, the DFA will use a map from all possible bytes to their
/// corresponding equivalence class. Each equivalence class represents a
/// set of bytes that does not discriminate between a match and a non-match
/// in the DFA. For example, the pattern `[ab]+` has at least two
/// equivalence classes: a set containing `a` and `b` and a set containing
/// every byte except for `a` and `b`. `a` and `b` are in the same
/// equivalence class because they never discriminate between a match and a
/// non-match.
///
/// The advantage of this map is that the size of the transition table
/// can be reduced drastically from (approximately) `#states * 256 *
/// sizeof(StateID)` to `#states * k * sizeof(StateID)` where `k` is the
/// number of equivalence classes (rounded up to the nearest power of 2).
/// As a result, total space usage can decrease substantially. Moreover,
/// since a smaller alphabet is used, DFA compilation becomes faster as
/// well.
///
/// **WARNING:** This is only useful for debugging DFAs. Disabling this
/// does not yield any speed advantages. Namely, even when this is
/// disabled, a byte class map is still used while searching. The only
/// difference is that every byte will be forced into its own distinct
/// equivalence class. This is useful for debugging the actual generated
/// transitions because it lets one see the transitions defined on actual
/// bytes instead of the equivalence classes.
pub fn byte_classes(mut self, yes: bool) -> Config {
self.byte_classes = Some(yes);
self
}
/// Set a size limit on the total heap used by a one-pass DFA.
///
/// This size limit is expressed in bytes and is applied during
/// construction of a one-pass DFA. If the DFA's heap usage exceeds
/// this configured limit, then construction is stopped and an error is
/// returned.
///
/// The default is no limit.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows a one-pass DFA that fails to build because of
/// a configured size limit. This particular example also serves as a
/// cautionary tale demonstrating just how big DFAs with large Unicode
/// character classes can get.
///
/// ```
/// # if cfg!(miri) { return Ok(()); } // miri takes too long
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Match};
///
/// // 6MB isn't enough!
/// DFA::builder()
/// .configure(DFA::config().size_limit(Some(6_000_000)))
/// .build(r"\w{20}")
/// .unwrap_err();
///
/// // ... but 7MB probably is!
/// // (Note that DFA sizes aren't necessarily stable between releases.)
/// let re = DFA::builder()
/// .configure(DFA::config().size_limit(Some(7_000_000)))
/// .build(r"\w{20}")?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
/// let haystack = "A".repeat(20);
/// re.captures(&mut cache, &haystack, &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(0, 0..20)), caps.get_match());
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
///
/// While one needs a little more than 3MB to represent `\w{20}`, it
/// turns out that you only need a little more than 4KB to represent
/// `(?-u:\w{20})`. So only use Unicode if you need it!
pub fn size_limit(mut self, limit: Option<usize>) -> Config {
self.size_limit = Some(limit);
self
}
/// Returns the match semantics set in this configuration.
pub fn get_match_kind(&self) -> MatchKind {
self.match_kind.unwrap_or(MatchKind::LeftmostFirst)
}
/// Returns whether this configuration has enabled anchored starting states
/// for every pattern in the DFA.
pub fn get_starts_for_each_pattern(&self) -> bool {
self.starts_for_each_pattern.unwrap_or(false)
}
/// Returns whether this configuration has enabled byte classes or not.
/// This is typically a debugging oriented option, as disabling it confers
/// no speed benefit.
pub fn get_byte_classes(&self) -> bool {
self.byte_classes.unwrap_or(true)
}
/// Returns the DFA size limit of this configuration if one was set.
/// The size limit is total number of bytes on the heap that a DFA is
/// permitted to use. If the DFA exceeds this limit during construction,
/// then construction is stopped and an error is returned.
pub fn get_size_limit(&self) -> Option<usize> {
self.size_limit.unwrap_or(None)
}
/// Overwrite the default configuration such that the options in `o` are
/// always used. If an option in `o` is not set, then the corresponding
/// option in `self` is used. If it's not set in `self` either, then it
/// remains not set.
pub(crate) fn overwrite(&self, o: Config) -> Config {
Config {
match_kind: o.match_kind.or(self.match_kind),
starts_for_each_pattern: o
.starts_for_each_pattern
.or(self.starts_for_each_pattern),
byte_classes: o.byte_classes.or(self.byte_classes),
size_limit: o.size_limit.or(self.size_limit),
}
}
}
/// A builder for a [one-pass DFA](DFA).
///
/// This builder permits configuring options for the syntax of a pattern, the
/// NFA construction and the DFA construction. This builder is different from a
/// general purpose regex builder in that it permits fine grain configuration
/// of the construction process. The trade off for this is complexity, and
/// the possibility of setting a configuration that might not make sense. For
/// example, there are two different UTF-8 modes:
///
/// * [`syntax::Config::utf8`](crate::util::syntax::Config::utf8) controls
/// whether the pattern itself can contain sub-expressions that match invalid
/// UTF-8.
/// * [`thompson::Config::utf8`] controls whether empty matches that split a
/// Unicode codepoint are reported or not.
///
/// Generally speaking, callers will want to either enable all of these or
/// disable all of these.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows how to disable UTF-8 mode in the syntax and the NFA.
/// This is generally what you want for matching on arbitrary bytes.
///
/// ```
/// # if cfg!(miri) { return Ok(()); } // miri takes too long
/// use regex_automata::{
/// dfa::onepass::DFA,
/// nfa::thompson,
/// util::syntax,
/// Match,
/// };
///
/// let re = DFA::builder()
/// .syntax(syntax::Config::new().utf8(false))
/// .thompson(thompson::Config::new().utf8(false))
/// .build(r"foo(?-u:[^b])ar.*")?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
///
/// let haystack = b"foo\xFFarzz\xE2\x98\xFF\n";
/// re.captures(&mut cache, haystack, &mut caps);
/// // Notice that `(?-u:[^b])` matches invalid UTF-8,
/// // but the subsequent `.*` does not! Disabling UTF-8
/// // on the syntax permits this.
/// //
/// // N.B. This example does not show the impact of
/// // disabling UTF-8 mode on a one-pass DFA Config,
/// // since that only impacts regexes that can
/// // produce matches of length 0.
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(0, 0..8)), caps.get_match());
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Builder {
config: Config,
#[cfg(feature = "syntax")]
thompson: thompson::Compiler,
}
impl Builder {
/// Create a new one-pass DFA builder with the default configuration.
pub fn new() -> Builder {
Builder {
config: Config::default(),
#[cfg(feature = "syntax")]
thompson: thompson::Compiler::new(),
}
}
/// Build a one-pass DFA from the given pattern.
///
/// If there was a problem parsing or compiling the pattern, then an error
/// is returned.
#[cfg(feature = "syntax")]
pub fn build(&self, pattern: &str) -> Result<DFA, BuildError> {
self.build_many(&[pattern])
}
/// Build a one-pass DFA from the given patterns.
///
/// When matches are returned, the pattern ID corresponds to the index of
/// the pattern in the slice given.
#[cfg(feature = "syntax")]
pub fn build_many<P: AsRef<str>>(
&self,
patterns: &[P],
) -> Result<DFA, BuildError> {
let nfa =
self.thompson.build_many(patterns).map_err(BuildError::nfa)?;
self.build_from_nfa(nfa)
}
/// Build a DFA from the given NFA.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows how to build a DFA if you already have an NFA in
/// hand.
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, nfa::thompson::NFA, Match};
///
/// // This shows how to set non-default options for building an NFA.
/// let nfa = NFA::compiler()
/// .configure(NFA::config().shrink(true))
/// .build(r"[a-z0-9]+")?;
/// let re = DFA::builder().build_from_nfa(nfa)?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
/// re.captures(&mut cache, "foo123bar", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(0, 0..9)), caps.get_match());
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
pub fn build_from_nfa(&self, nfa: NFA) -> Result<DFA, BuildError> {
// Why take ownership if we're just going to pass a reference to the
// NFA to our internal builder? Well, the first thing to note is that
// an NFA uses reference counting internally, so either choice is going
// to be cheap. So there isn't much cost either way.
//
// The real reason is that a one-pass DFA, semantically, shares
// ownership of an NFA. This is unlike other DFAs that don't share
// ownership of an NFA at all, primarily because they want to be
// self-contained in order to support cheap (de)serialization.
//
// But then why pass a '&nfa' below if we want to share ownership?
// Well, it turns out that using a '&NFA' in our internal builder
// separates its lifetime from the DFA we're building, and this turns
// out to make code a bit more composable. e.g., We can iterate over
// things inside the NFA while borrowing the builder as mutable because
// we know the NFA cannot be mutated. So TL;DR --- this weirdness is
// "because borrow checker."
InternalBuilder::new(self.config.clone(), &nfa).build()
}
/// Apply the given one-pass DFA configuration options to this builder.
pub fn configure(&mut self, config: Config) -> &mut Builder {
self.config = self.config.overwrite(config);
self
}
/// Set the syntax configuration for this builder using
/// [`syntax::Config`](crate::util::syntax::Config).
///
/// This permits setting things like case insensitivity, Unicode and multi
/// line mode.
///
/// These settings only apply when constructing a one-pass DFA directly
/// from a pattern.
#[cfg(feature = "syntax")]
pub fn syntax(
&mut self,
config: crate::util::syntax::Config,
) -> &mut Builder {
self.thompson.syntax(config);
self
}
/// Set the Thompson NFA configuration for this builder using
/// [`nfa::thompson::Config`](crate::nfa::thompson::Config).
///
/// This permits setting things like whether additional time should be
/// spent shrinking the size of the NFA.
///
/// These settings only apply when constructing a DFA directly from a
/// pattern.
#[cfg(feature = "syntax")]
pub fn thompson(&mut self, config: thompson::Config) -> &mut Builder {
self.thompson.configure(config);
self
}
}
/// An internal builder for encapsulating the state necessary to build a
/// one-pass DFA. Typical use is just `InternalBuilder::new(..).build()`.
///
/// There is no separate pass for determining whether the NFA is one-pass or
/// not. We just try to build the DFA. If during construction we discover that
/// it is not one-pass, we bail out. This is likely to lead to some undesirable
/// expense in some cases, so it might make sense to try an identify common
/// patterns in the NFA that make it definitively not one-pass. That way, we
/// can avoid ever trying to build a one-pass DFA in the first place. For
/// example, '\w*\s' is not one-pass, and since '\w' is Unicode-aware by
/// default, it's probably not a trivial cost to try and build a one-pass DFA
/// for it and then fail.
///
/// Note that some (immutable) fields are duplicated here. For example, the
/// 'nfa' and 'classes' fields are both in the 'DFA'. They are the same thing,
/// but we duplicate them because it makes composition easier below. Otherwise,
/// since the borrow checker can't see through method calls, the mutable borrow
/// we use to mutate the DFA winds up preventing borrowing from any other part
/// of the DFA, even though we aren't mutating those parts. We only do this
/// because the duplication is cheap.
#[derive(Debug)]
struct InternalBuilder<'a> {
/// The DFA we're building.
dfa: DFA,
/// An unordered collection of NFA state IDs that we haven't yet tried to
/// build into a DFA state yet.
///
/// This collection does not ultimately wind up including every NFA state
/// ID. Instead, each ID represents a "start" state for a sub-graph of the
/// NFA. The set of NFA states we then use to build a DFA state consists
/// of that "start" state and all states reachable from it via epsilon
/// transitions.
uncompiled_nfa_ids: Vec<StateID>,
/// A map from NFA state ID to DFA state ID. This is useful for easily
/// determining whether an NFA state has been used as a "starting" point
/// to build a DFA state yet. If it hasn't, then it is mapped to DEAD,
/// and since DEAD is specially added and never corresponds to any NFA
/// state, it follows that a mapping to DEAD implies the NFA state has
/// no corresponding DFA state yet.
nfa_to_dfa_id: Vec<StateID>,
/// A stack used to traverse the NFA states that make up a single DFA
/// state. Traversal occurs until the stack is empty, and we only push to
/// the stack when the state ID isn't in 'seen'. Actually, even more than
/// that, if we try to push something on to this stack that is already in
/// 'seen', then we bail out on construction completely, since it implies
/// that the NFA is not one-pass.
stack: Vec<(StateID, Epsilons)>,
/// The set of NFA states that we've visited via 'stack'.
seen: SparseSet,
/// Whether a match NFA state has been observed while constructing a
/// one-pass DFA state. Once a match state is seen, assuming we are using
/// leftmost-first match semantics, then we don't add any more transitions
/// to the DFA state we're building.
matched: bool,
/// The config passed to the builder.
///
/// This is duplicated in dfa.config.
config: Config,
/// The NFA we're building a one-pass DFA from.
///
/// This is duplicated in dfa.nfa.
nfa: &'a NFA,
/// The equivalence classes that make up the alphabet for this DFA>
///
/// This is duplicated in dfa.classes.
classes: ByteClasses,
}
impl<'a> InternalBuilder<'a> {
/// Create a new builder with an initial empty DFA.
fn new(config: Config, nfa: &'a NFA) -> InternalBuilder {
let classes = if !config.get_byte_classes() {
// A one-pass DFA will always use the equivalence class map, but
// enabling this option is useful for debugging. Namely, this will
// cause all transitions to be defined over their actual bytes
// instead of an opaque equivalence class identifier. The former is
// much easier to grok as a human.
ByteClasses::singletons()
} else {
nfa.byte_classes().clone()
};
// Normally a DFA alphabet includes the EOI symbol, but we don't need
// that in the one-pass DFA since we handle look-around explicitly
// without encoding it into the DFA. Thus, we don't need to delay
// matches by 1 byte. However, we reuse the space that *would* be used
// by the EOI transition by putting match information there (like which
// pattern matches and which look-around assertions need to hold). So
// this means our real alphabet length is 1 fewer than what the byte
// classes report, since we don't use EOI.
let alphabet_len = classes.alphabet_len().checked_sub(1).unwrap();
let stride2 = classes.stride2();
let dfa = DFA {
config: config.clone(),
nfa: nfa.clone(),
table: vec![],
starts: vec![],
// Since one-pass DFAs have a smaller state ID max than
// StateID::MAX, it follows that StateID::MAX is a valid initial
// value for min_match_id since no state ID can ever be greater
// than it. In the case of a one-pass DFA with no match states, the
// min_match_id will keep this sentinel value.
min_match_id: StateID::MAX,
classes: classes.clone(),
alphabet_len,
stride2,
pateps_offset: alphabet_len,
// OK because PatternID::MAX*2 is guaranteed not to overflow.
explicit_slot_start: nfa.pattern_len().checked_mul(2).unwrap(),
};
InternalBuilder {
dfa,
uncompiled_nfa_ids: vec![],
nfa_to_dfa_id: vec![DEAD; nfa.states().len()],
stack: vec![],
seen: SparseSet::new(nfa.states().len()),
matched: false,
config,
nfa,
classes,
}
}
/// Build the DFA from the NFA given to this builder. If the NFA is not
/// one-pass, then return an error. An error may also be returned if a
/// particular limit is exceeded. (Some limits, like the total heap memory
/// used, are configurable. Others, like the total patterns or slots, are
/// hard-coded based on representational limitations.)
fn build(mut self) -> Result<DFA, BuildError> {
self.nfa.look_set_any().available().map_err(BuildError::word)?;
for look in self.nfa.look_set_any().iter() {
// This is a future incompatibility check where if we add any
// more look-around assertions, then the one-pass DFA either
// needs to reject them (what we do here) or it needs to have its
// Transition representation modified to be capable of storing the
// new assertions.
if look.as_repr() > Look::WordUnicodeNegate.as_repr() {
return Err(BuildError::unsupported_look(look));
}
}
if self.nfa.pattern_len().as_u64() > PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_LIMIT
{
return Err(BuildError::too_many_patterns(
PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_LIMIT,
));
}
if self.nfa.group_info().explicit_slot_len() > Slots::LIMIT {
return Err(BuildError::not_one_pass(
"too many explicit capturing groups (max is 16)",
));
}
assert_eq!(DEAD, self.add_empty_state()?);
// This is where the explicit slots start. We care about this because
// we only need to track explicit slots. The implicit slots---two for
// each pattern---are tracked as part of the search routine itself.
let explicit_slot_start = self.nfa.pattern_len() * 2;
self.add_start_state(None, self.nfa.start_anchored())?;
if self.config.get_starts_for_each_pattern() {
for pid in self.nfa.patterns() {
self.add_start_state(
Some(pid),
self.nfa.start_pattern(pid).unwrap(),
)?;
}
}
// NOTE: One wonders what the effects of treating 'uncompiled_nfa_ids'
// as a stack are. It is really an unordered *set* of NFA state IDs.
// If it, for example, in practice led to discovering whether a regex
// was or wasn't one-pass later than if we processed NFA state IDs in
// ascending order, then that would make this routine more costly in
// the somewhat common case of a regex that isn't one-pass.
while let Some(nfa_id) = self.uncompiled_nfa_ids.pop() {
let dfa_id = self.nfa_to_dfa_id[nfa_id];
// Once we see a match, we keep going, but don't add any new
// transitions. Normally we'd just stop, but we have to keep
// going in order to verify that our regex is actually one-pass.
self.matched = false;
// The NFA states we've already explored for this DFA state.
self.seen.clear();
// The NFA states to explore via epsilon transitions. If we ever
// try to push an NFA state that we've already seen, then the NFA
// is not one-pass because it implies there are multiple epsilon
// transition paths that lead to the same NFA state. In other
// words, there is ambiguity.
self.stack_push(nfa_id, Epsilons::empty())?;
while let Some((id, epsilons)) = self.stack.pop() {
match *self.nfa.state(id) {
thompson::State::ByteRange { ref trans } => {
self.compile_transition(dfa_id, trans, epsilons)?;
}
thompson::State::Sparse(ref sparse) => {
for trans in sparse.transitions.iter() {
self.compile_transition(dfa_id, trans, epsilons)?;
}
}
thompson::State::Dense(ref dense) => {
for trans in dense.iter() {
self.compile_transition(dfa_id, &trans, epsilons)?;
}
}
thompson::State::Look { look, next } => {
let looks = epsilons.looks().insert(look);
self.stack_push(next, epsilons.set_looks(looks))?;
}
thompson::State::Union { ref alternates } => {
for &sid in alternates.iter().rev() {
self.stack_push(sid, epsilons)?;
}
}
thompson::State::BinaryUnion { alt1, alt2 } => {
self.stack_push(alt2, epsilons)?;
self.stack_push(alt1, epsilons)?;
}
thompson::State::Capture { next, slot, .. } => {
let slot = slot.as_usize();
let epsilons = if slot < explicit_slot_start {
// If this is an implicit slot, we don't care
// about it, since we handle implicit slots in
// the search routine. We can get away with that
// because there are 2 implicit slots for every
// pattern.
epsilons
} else {
// Offset our explicit slots so that they start
// at index 0.
let offset = slot - explicit_slot_start;
epsilons.set_slots(epsilons.slots().insert(offset))
};
self.stack_push(next, epsilons)?;
}
thompson::State::Fail => {
continue;
}
thompson::State::Match { pattern_id } => {
// If we found two different paths to a match state
// for the same DFA state, then we have ambiguity.
// Thus, it's not one-pass.
if self.matched {
return Err(BuildError::not_one_pass(
"multiple epsilon transitions to match state",
));
}
self.matched = true;
// Shove the matching pattern ID and the 'epsilons'
// into the current DFA state's pattern epsilons. The
// 'epsilons' includes the slots we need to capture
// before reporting the match and also the conditional
// epsilon transitions we need to check before we can
// report a match.
self.dfa.set_pattern_epsilons(
dfa_id,
PatternEpsilons::empty()
.set_pattern_id(pattern_id)
.set_epsilons(epsilons),
);
// N.B. It is tempting to just bail out here when
// compiling a leftmost-first DFA, since we will never
// compile any more transitions in that case. But we
// actually need to keep going in order to verify that
// we actually have a one-pass regex. e.g., We might
// see more Match states (e.g., for other patterns)
// that imply that we don't have a one-pass regex.
// So instead, we mark that we've found a match and
// continue on. When we go to compile a new DFA state,
// we just skip that part. But otherwise check that the
// one-pass property is upheld.
}
}
}
}
self.shuffle_states();
Ok(self.dfa)
}
/// Shuffle all match states to the end of the transition table and set
/// 'min_match_id' to the ID of the first such match state.
///
/// The point of this is to make it extremely cheap to determine whether
/// a state is a match state or not. We need to check on this on every
/// transition during a search, so it being cheap is important. This
/// permits us to check it by simply comparing two state identifiers, as
/// opposed to looking for the pattern ID in the state's `PatternEpsilons`.
/// (Which requires a memory load and some light arithmetic.)
fn shuffle_states(&mut self) {
let mut remapper = Remapper::new(&self.dfa);
let mut next_dest = self.dfa.last_state_id();
for i in (0..self.dfa.state_len()).rev() {
let id = StateID::must(i);
let is_match =
self.dfa.pattern_epsilons(id).pattern_id().is_some();
if !is_match {
continue;
}
remapper.swap(&mut self.dfa, next_dest, id);
self.dfa.min_match_id = next_dest;
next_dest = self.dfa.prev_state_id(next_dest).expect(
"match states should be a proper subset of all states",
);
}
remapper.remap(&mut self.dfa);
}
/// Compile the given NFA transition into the DFA state given.
///
/// 'Epsilons' corresponds to any conditional epsilon transitions that need
/// to be satisfied to follow this transition, and any slots that need to
/// be saved if the transition is followed.
///
/// If this transition indicates that the NFA is not one-pass, then
/// this returns an error. (This occurs, for example, if the DFA state
/// already has a transition defined for the same input symbols as the
/// given transition, *and* the result of the old and new transitions is
/// different.)
fn compile_transition(
&mut self,
dfa_id: StateID,
trans: &thompson::Transition,
epsilons: Epsilons,
) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
let next_dfa_id = self.add_dfa_state_for_nfa_state(trans.next)?;
for byte in self
.classes
.representatives(trans.start..=trans.end)
.filter_map(|r| r.as_u8())
{
let oldtrans = self.dfa.transition(dfa_id, byte);
let newtrans =
Transition::new(self.matched, next_dfa_id, epsilons);
// If the old transition points to the DEAD state, then we know
// 'byte' has not been mapped to any transition for this DFA state
// yet. So set it unconditionally. Otherwise, we require that the
// old and new transitions are equivalent. Otherwise, there is
// ambiguity and thus the regex is not one-pass.
if oldtrans.state_id() == DEAD {
self.dfa.set_transition(dfa_id, byte, newtrans);
} else if oldtrans != newtrans {
return Err(BuildError::not_one_pass(
"conflicting transition",
));
}
}
Ok(())
}
/// Add a start state to the DFA corresponding to the given NFA starting
/// state ID.
///
/// If adding a state would blow any limits (configured or hard-coded),
/// then an error is returned.
///
/// If the starting state is an anchored state for a particular pattern,
/// then callers must provide the pattern ID for that starting state.
/// Callers must also ensure that the first starting state added is the
/// start state for all patterns, and then each anchored starting state for
/// each pattern (if necessary) added in order. Otherwise, this panics.
fn add_start_state(
&mut self,
pid: Option<PatternID>,
nfa_id: StateID,
) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> {
match pid {
// With no pid, this should be the start state for all patterns
// and thus be the first one.
None => assert!(self.dfa.starts.is_empty()),
// With a pid, we want it to be at self.dfa.starts[pid+1].
Some(pid) => assert!(self.dfa.starts.len() == pid.one_more()),
}
let dfa_id = self.add_dfa_state_for_nfa_state(nfa_id)?;
self.dfa.starts.push(dfa_id);
Ok(dfa_id)
}
/// Add a new DFA state corresponding to the given NFA state. If adding a
/// state would blow any limits (configured or hard-coded), then an error
/// is returned. If a DFA state already exists for the given NFA state,
/// then that DFA state's ID is returned and no new states are added.
///
/// It is not expected that this routine is called for every NFA state.
/// Instead, an NFA state ID will usually correspond to the "start" state
/// for a sub-graph of the NFA, where all states in the sub-graph are
/// reachable via epsilon transitions (conditional or unconditional). That
/// sub-graph of NFA states is ultimately what produces a single DFA state.
fn add_dfa_state_for_nfa_state(
&mut self,
nfa_id: StateID,
) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> {
// If we've already built a DFA state for the given NFA state, then
// just return that. We definitely do not want to have more than one
// DFA state in existence for the same NFA state, since all but one of
// them will likely become unreachable. And at least some of them are
// likely to wind up being incomplete.
let existing_dfa_id = self.nfa_to_dfa_id[nfa_id];
if existing_dfa_id != DEAD {
return Ok(existing_dfa_id);
}
// If we don't have any DFA state yet, add it and then add the given
// NFA state to the list of states to explore.
let dfa_id = self.add_empty_state()?;
self.nfa_to_dfa_id[nfa_id] = dfa_id;
self.uncompiled_nfa_ids.push(nfa_id);
Ok(dfa_id)
}
/// Unconditionally add a new empty DFA state. If adding it would exceed
/// any limits (configured or hard-coded), then an error is returned. The
/// ID of the new state is returned on success.
///
/// The added state is *not* a match state.
fn add_empty_state(&mut self) -> Result<StateID, BuildError> {
let state_limit = Transition::STATE_ID_LIMIT;
// Note that unlike dense and lazy DFAs, we specifically do NOT
// premultiply our state IDs here. The reason is that we want to pack
// our state IDs into 64-bit transitions with other info, so the fewer
// the bits we use for state IDs the better. If we premultiply, then
// our state ID space shrinks. We justify this by the assumption that
// a one-pass DFA is just already doing a fair bit more work than a
// normal DFA anyway, so an extra multiplication to compute a state
// transition doesn't seem like a huge deal.
let next_id = self.dfa.table.len() >> self.dfa.stride2();
let id = StateID::new(next_id)
.map_err(|_| BuildError::too_many_states(state_limit))?;
if id.as_u64() > Transition::STATE_ID_LIMIT {
return Err(BuildError::too_many_states(state_limit));
}
self.dfa
.table
.extend(core::iter::repeat(Transition(0)).take(self.dfa.stride()));
// The default empty value for 'PatternEpsilons' is sadly not all
// zeroes. Instead, a special sentinel is used to indicate that there
// is no pattern. So we need to explicitly set the pattern epsilons to
// the correct "empty" PatternEpsilons.
self.dfa.set_pattern_epsilons(id, PatternEpsilons::empty());
if let Some(size_limit) = self.config.get_size_limit() {
if self.dfa.memory_usage() > size_limit {
return Err(BuildError::exceeded_size_limit(size_limit));
}
}
Ok(id)
}
/// Push the given NFA state ID and its corresponding epsilons (slots and
/// conditional epsilon transitions) on to a stack for use in a depth first
/// traversal of a sub-graph of the NFA.
///
/// If the given NFA state ID has already been pushed on to the stack, then
/// it indicates the regex is not one-pass and this correspondingly returns
/// an error.
fn stack_push(
&mut self,
nfa_id: StateID,
epsilons: Epsilons,
) -> Result<(), BuildError> {
// If we already have seen a match and we are compiling a leftmost
// first DFA, then we shouldn't add any more states to look at. This is
// effectively how preference order and non-greediness is implemented.
// if !self.config.get_match_kind().continue_past_first_match()
// && self.matched
// {
// return Ok(());
// }
if !self.seen.insert(nfa_id) {
return Err(BuildError::not_one_pass(
"multiple epsilon transitions to same state",
));
}
self.stack.push((nfa_id, epsilons));
Ok(())
}
}
/// A one-pass DFA for executing a subset of anchored regex searches while
/// resolving capturing groups.
///
/// A one-pass DFA can be built from an NFA that is one-pass. An NFA is
/// one-pass when there is never any ambiguity about how to continue a search.
/// For example, `a*a` is not one-pass becuase during a search, it's not
/// possible to know whether to continue matching the `a*` or to move on to
/// the single `a`. However, `a*b` is one-pass, because for every byte in the
/// input, it's always clear when to move on from `a*` to `b`.
///
/// # Only anchored searches are supported
///
/// In this crate, especially for DFAs, unanchored searches are implemented by
/// treating the pattern as if it had a `(?s-u:.)*?` prefix. While the prefix
/// is one-pass on its own, adding anything after it, e.g., `(?s-u:.)*?a` will
/// make the overall pattern not one-pass. Why? Because the `(?s-u:.)` matches
/// any byte, and there is therefore ambiguity as to when the prefix should
/// stop matching and something else should start matching.
///
/// Therefore, one-pass DFAs do not support unanchored searches. In addition
/// to many regexes simply not being one-pass, it implies that one-pass DFAs
/// have limited utility. With that said, when a one-pass DFA can be used, it
/// can potentially provide a dramatic speed up over alternatives like the
/// [`BoundedBacktracker`](crate::nfa::thompson::backtrack::BoundedBacktracker)
/// and the [`PikeVM`](crate::nfa::thompson::pikevm::PikeVM). In particular,
/// a one-pass DFA is the only DFA capable of reporting the spans of matching
/// capturing groups.
///
/// To clarify, when we say that unanchored searches are not supported, what
/// that actually means is:
///
/// * The high level routines, [`DFA::is_match`] and [`DFA::captures`], always
/// do anchored searches.
/// * Since iterators are most useful in the context of unanchored searches,
/// there is no `DFA::captures_iter` method.
/// * For lower level routines like [`DFA::try_search`], an error will be
/// returned if the given [`Input`] is configured to do an unanchored search or
/// search for an invalid pattern ID. (Note that an [`Input`] is configured to
/// do an unanchored search by default, so just giving a `Input::new` is
/// guaranteed to return an error.)
///
/// # Other limitations
///
/// In addition to the [configurable heap limit](Config::size_limit) and
/// the requirement that a regex pattern be one-pass, there are some other
/// limitations:
///
/// * There is an internal limit on the total number of explicit capturing
/// groups that appear across all patterns. It is somewhat small and there is
/// no way to configure it. If your pattern(s) exceed this limit, then building
/// a one-pass DFA will fail.
/// * If the number of patterns exceeds an internal unconfigurable limit, then
/// building a one-pass DFA will fail. This limit is quite large and you're
/// unlikely to hit it.
/// * If the total number of states exceeds an internal unconfigurable limit,
/// then building a one-pass DFA will fail. This limit is quite large and
/// you're unlikely to hit it.
///
/// # Other examples of regexes that aren't one-pass
///
/// One particularly unfortunate example is that enabling Unicode can cause
/// regexes that were one-pass to no longer be one-pass. Consider the regex
/// `(?-u)\w*\s` for example. It is one-pass because there is exactly no
/// overlap between the ASCII definitions of `\w` and `\s`. But `\w*\s`
/// (i.e., with Unicode enabled) is *not* one-pass because `\w` and `\s` get
/// translated to UTF-8 automatons. And while the *codepoints* in `\w` and `\s`
/// do not overlap, the underlying UTF-8 encodings do. Indeed, because of the
/// overlap between UTF-8 automata, the use of Unicode character classes will
/// tend to vastly increase the likelihood of a regex not being one-pass.
///
/// # How does one know if a regex is one-pass or not?
///
/// At the time of writing, the only way to know is to try and build a one-pass
/// DFA. The one-pass property is checked while constructing the DFA.
///
/// This does mean that you might potentially waste some CPU cycles and memory
/// by optimistically trying to build a one-pass DFA. But this is currently the
/// only way. In the future, building a one-pass DFA might be able to use some
/// heuristics to detect common violations of the one-pass property and bail
/// more quickly.
///
/// # Resource usage
///
/// Unlike a general DFA, a one-pass DFA has stricter bounds on its resource
/// usage. Namely, construction of a one-pass DFA has a time and space
/// complexity of `O(n)`, where `n ~ nfa.states().len()`. (A general DFA's time
/// and space complexity is `O(2^n)`.) This smaller time bound is achieved
/// because there is at most one DFA state created for each NFA state. If
/// additional DFA states would be required, then the pattern is not one-pass
/// and construction will fail.
///
/// Note though that currently, this DFA uses a fully dense representation.
/// This means that while its space complexity is no worse than an NFA, it may
/// in practice use more memory because of higher constant factors. The reason
/// for this trade off is two-fold. Firstly, a dense representation makes the
/// search faster. Secondly, the bigger an NFA, the more unlikely it is to be
/// one-pass. Therefore, most one-pass DFAs are usually pretty small.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows that the one-pass DFA implements Unicode word boundaries
/// correctly while simultaneously reporting spans for capturing groups that
/// participate in a match. (This is the only DFA that implements full support
/// for Unicode word boundaries.)
///
/// ```
/// # if cfg!(miri) { return Ok(()); } // miri takes too long
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Match, Span};
///
/// let re = DFA::new(r"\b(?P<first>\w+)[[:space:]]+(?P<last>\w+)\b")?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
///
/// re.captures(&mut cache, "Шерлок Холмс", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(0, 0..23)), caps.get_match());
/// assert_eq!(Some(Span::from(0..12)), caps.get_group_by_name("first"));
/// assert_eq!(Some(Span::from(13..23)), caps.get_group_by_name("last"));
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
///
/// # Example: iteration
///
/// Unlike other regex engines in this crate, this one does not provide
/// iterator search functions. This is because a one-pass DFA only supports
/// anchored searches, and so iterator functions are generally not applicable.
///
/// However, if you know that all of your matches are
/// directly adjacent, then an iterator can be used. The
/// [`util::iter::Searcher`](crate::util::iter::Searcher) type can be used for
/// this purpose:
///
/// ```
/// # if cfg!(miri) { return Ok(()); } // miri takes too long
/// use regex_automata::{
/// dfa::onepass::DFA,
/// util::iter::Searcher,
/// Anchored, Input, Span,
/// };
///
/// let re = DFA::new(r"\w(\d)\w")?;
/// let (mut cache, caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
/// let input = Input::new("a1zb2yc3x").anchored(Anchored::Yes);
///
/// let mut it = Searcher::new(input).into_captures_iter(caps, |input, caps| {
/// Ok(re.try_search(&mut cache, input, caps)?)
/// }).infallible();
/// let caps0 = it.next().unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(Some(Span::from(1..2)), caps0.get_group(1));
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct DFA {
/// The configuration provided by the caller.
config: Config,
/// The NFA used to build this DFA.
///
/// NOTE: We probably don't need to store the NFA here, but we use enough
/// bits from it that it's convenient to do so. And there really isn't much
/// cost to doing so either, since an NFA is reference counted internally.
nfa: NFA,
/// The transition table. Given a state ID 's' and a byte of haystack 'b',
/// the next state is `table[sid + classes[byte]]`.
///
/// The stride of this table (i.e., the number of columns) is always
/// a power of 2, even if the alphabet length is smaller. This makes
/// converting between state IDs and state indices very cheap.
///
/// Note that the stride always includes room for one extra "transition"
/// that isn't actually a transition. It is a 'PatternEpsilons' that is
/// used for match states only. Because of this, the maximum number of
/// active columns in the transition table is 257, which means the maximum
/// stride is 512 (the next power of 2 greater than or equal to 257).
table: Vec<Transition>,
/// The DFA state IDs of the starting states.
///
/// `starts[0]` is always present and corresponds to the starting state
/// when searching for matches of any pattern in the DFA.
///
/// `starts[i]` where i>0 corresponds to the starting state for the pattern
/// ID 'i-1'. These starting states are optional.
starts: Vec<StateID>,
/// Every state ID >= this value corresponds to a match state.
///
/// This is what a search uses to detect whether a state is a match state
/// or not. It requires only a simple comparison instead of bit-unpacking
/// the PatternEpsilons from every state.
min_match_id: StateID,
/// The alphabet of this DFA, split into equivalence classes. Bytes in the
/// same equivalence class can never discriminate between a match and a
/// non-match.
classes: ByteClasses,
/// The number of elements in each state in the transition table. This may
/// be less than the stride, since the stride is always a power of 2 and
/// the alphabet length can be anything up to and including 256.
alphabet_len: usize,
/// The number of columns in the transition table, expressed as a power of
/// 2.
stride2: usize,
/// The offset at which the PatternEpsilons for a match state is stored in
/// the transition table.
///
/// PERF: One wonders whether it would be better to put this in a separate
/// allocation, since only match states have a non-empty PatternEpsilons
/// and the number of match states tends be dwarfed by the number of
/// non-match states. So this would save '8*len(non_match_states)' for each
/// DFA. The question is whether moving this to a different allocation will
/// lead to a perf hit during searches. You might think dealing with match
/// states is rare, but some regexes spend a lot of time in match states
/// gobbling up input. But... match state handling is already somewhat
/// expensive, so maybe this wouldn't do much? Either way, it's worth
/// experimenting.
pateps_offset: usize,
/// The first explicit slot index. This refers to the first slot appearing
/// immediately after the last implicit slot. It is always 'patterns.len()
/// * 2'.
///
/// We record this because we only store the explicit slots in our DFA
/// transition table that need to be saved. Implicit slots are handled
/// automatically as part of the search.
explicit_slot_start: usize,
}
impl DFA {
/// Parse the given regular expression using the default configuration and
/// return the corresponding one-pass DFA.
///
/// If you want a non-default configuration, then use the [`Builder`] to
/// set your own configuration.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Match};
///
/// let re = DFA::new("foo[0-9]+bar")?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
///
/// re.captures(&mut cache, "foo12345barzzz", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(0, 0..11)), caps.get_match());
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "syntax")]
#[inline]
pub fn new(pattern: &str) -> Result<DFA, BuildError> {
DFA::builder().build(pattern)
}
/// Like `new`, but parses multiple patterns into a single "multi regex."
/// This similarly uses the default regex configuration.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Match};
///
/// let re = DFA::new_many(&["[a-z]+", "[0-9]+"])?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
///
/// re.captures(&mut cache, "abc123", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(0, 0..3)), caps.get_match());
///
/// re.captures(&mut cache, "123abc", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(1, 0..3)), caps.get_match());
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[cfg(feature = "syntax")]
#[inline]
pub fn new_many<P: AsRef<str>>(patterns: &[P]) -> Result<DFA, BuildError> {
DFA::builder().build_many(patterns)
}
/// Like `new`, but builds a one-pass DFA directly from an NFA. This is
/// useful if you already have an NFA, or even if you hand-assembled the
/// NFA.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This shows how to hand assemble a regular expression via its HIR,
/// compile an NFA from it and build a one-pass DFA from the NFA.
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{
/// dfa::onepass::DFA,
/// nfa::thompson::NFA,
/// Match,
/// };
/// use regex_syntax::hir::{Hir, Class, ClassBytes, ClassBytesRange};
///
/// let hir = Hir::class(Class::Bytes(ClassBytes::new(vec![
/// ClassBytesRange::new(b'0', b'9'),
/// ClassBytesRange::new(b'A', b'Z'),
/// ClassBytesRange::new(b'_', b'_'),
/// ClassBytesRange::new(b'a', b'z'),
/// ])));
///
/// let config = NFA::config().nfa_size_limit(Some(1_000));
/// let nfa = NFA::compiler().configure(config).build_from_hir(&hir)?;
///
/// let re = DFA::new_from_nfa(nfa)?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
/// let expected = Some(Match::must(0, 0..1));
/// re.captures(&mut cache, "A", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(expected, caps.get_match());
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
pub fn new_from_nfa(nfa: NFA) -> Result<DFA, BuildError> {
DFA::builder().build_from_nfa(nfa)
}
/// Create a new one-pass DFA that matches every input.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Match};
///
/// let dfa = DFA::always_match()?;
/// let mut cache = dfa.create_cache();
/// let mut caps = dfa.create_captures();
///
/// let expected = Match::must(0, 0..0);
/// dfa.captures(&mut cache, "", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(Some(expected), caps.get_match());
/// dfa.captures(&mut cache, "foo", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(Some(expected), caps.get_match());
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
pub fn always_match() -> Result<DFA, BuildError> {
let nfa = thompson::NFA::always_match();
Builder::new().build_from_nfa(nfa)
}
/// Create a new one-pass DFA that never matches any input.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::dfa::onepass::DFA;
///
/// let dfa = DFA::never_match()?;
/// let mut cache = dfa.create_cache();
/// let mut caps = dfa.create_captures();
///
/// dfa.captures(&mut cache, "", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(None, caps.get_match());
/// dfa.captures(&mut cache, "foo", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(None, caps.get_match());
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
pub fn never_match() -> Result<DFA, BuildError> {
let nfa = thompson::NFA::never_match();
Builder::new().build_from_nfa(nfa)
}
/// Return a default configuration for a DFA.
///
/// This is a convenience routine to avoid needing to import the `Config`
/// type when customizing the construction of a DFA.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows how to change the match semantics of this DFA from
/// its default "leftmost first" to "all." When using "all," non-greediness
/// doesn't apply and neither does preference order matching. Instead, the
/// longest match possible is always returned. (Although, by construction,
/// it's impossible for a one-pass DFA to have a different answer for
/// "preference order" vs "longest match.")
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Match, MatchKind};
///
/// let re = DFA::builder()
/// .configure(DFA::config().match_kind(MatchKind::All))
/// .build(r"(abc)+?")?;
/// let mut cache = re.create_cache();
/// let mut caps = re.create_captures();
///
/// re.captures(&mut cache, "abcabc", &mut caps);
/// // Normally, the non-greedy repetition would give us a 0..3 match.
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(0, 0..6)), caps.get_match());
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn config() -> Config {
Config::new()
}
/// Return a builder for configuring the construction of a DFA.
///
/// This is a convenience routine to avoid needing to import the
/// [`Builder`] type in common cases.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows how to use the builder to disable UTF-8 mode.
///
/// ```
/// # if cfg!(miri) { return Ok(()); } // miri takes too long
/// use regex_automata::{
/// dfa::onepass::DFA,
/// nfa::thompson,
/// util::syntax,
/// Match,
/// };
///
/// let re = DFA::builder()
/// .syntax(syntax::Config::new().utf8(false))
/// .thompson(thompson::Config::new().utf8(false))
/// .build(r"foo(?-u:[^b])ar.*")?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
///
/// let haystack = b"foo\xFFarzz\xE2\x98\xFF\n";
/// let expected = Some(Match::must(0, 0..8));
/// re.captures(&mut cache, haystack, &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(expected, caps.get_match());
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn builder() -> Builder {
Builder::new()
}
/// Create a new empty set of capturing groups that is guaranteed to be
/// valid for the search APIs on this DFA.
///
/// A `Captures` value created for a specific DFA cannot be used with any
/// other DFA.
///
/// This is a convenience function for [`Captures::all`]. See the
/// [`Captures`] documentation for an explanation of its alternative
/// constructors that permit the DFA to do less work during a search, and
/// thus might make it faster.
#[inline]
pub fn create_captures(&self) -> Captures {
Captures::all(self.nfa.group_info().clone())
}
/// Create a new cache for this DFA.
///
/// The cache returned should only be used for searches for this
/// DFA. If you want to reuse the cache for another DFA, then you
/// must call [`Cache::reset`] with that DFA (or, equivalently,
/// [`DFA::reset_cache`]).
#[inline]
pub fn create_cache(&self) -> Cache {
Cache::new(self)
}
/// Reset the given cache such that it can be used for searching with the
/// this DFA (and only this DFA).
///
/// A cache reset permits reusing memory already allocated in this cache
/// with a different DFA.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This shows how to re-purpose a cache for use with a different DFA.
///
/// ```
/// # if cfg!(miri) { return Ok(()); } // miri takes too long
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Match};
///
/// let re1 = DFA::new(r"\w")?;
/// let re2 = DFA::new(r"\W")?;
/// let mut caps1 = re1.create_captures();
/// let mut caps2 = re2.create_captures();
///
/// let mut cache = re1.create_cache();
/// assert_eq!(
/// Some(Match::must(0, 0..2)),
/// { re1.captures(&mut cache, "Δ", &mut caps1); caps1.get_match() },
/// );
///
/// // Using 'cache' with re2 is not allowed. It may result in panics or
/// // incorrect results. In order to re-purpose the cache, we must reset
/// // it with the one-pass DFA we'd like to use it with.
/// //
/// // Similarly, after this reset, using the cache with 're1' is also not
/// // allowed.
/// re2.reset_cache(&mut cache);
/// assert_eq!(
/// Some(Match::must(0, 0..3)),
/// { re2.captures(&mut cache, "☃", &mut caps2); caps2.get_match() },
/// );
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn reset_cache(&self, cache: &mut Cache) {
cache.reset(self);
}
/// Return the config for this one-pass DFA.
#[inline]
pub fn get_config(&self) -> &Config {
&self.config
}
/// Returns a reference to the underlying NFA.
#[inline]
pub fn get_nfa(&self) -> &NFA {
&self.nfa
}
/// Returns the total number of patterns compiled into this DFA.
///
/// In the case of a DFA that contains no patterns, this returns `0`.
#[inline]
pub fn pattern_len(&self) -> usize {
self.get_nfa().pattern_len()
}
/// Returns the total number of states in this one-pass DFA.
///
/// Note that unlike dense or sparse DFAs, a one-pass DFA does not expose
/// a low level DFA API. Therefore, this routine has little use other than
/// being informational.
#[inline]
pub fn state_len(&self) -> usize {
self.table.len() >> self.stride2()
}
/// Returns the total number of elements in the alphabet for this DFA.
///
/// That is, this returns the total number of transitions that each
/// state in this DFA must have. The maximum alphabet size is 256, which
/// corresponds to each possible byte value.
///
/// The alphabet size may be less than 256 though, and unless
/// [`Config::byte_classes`] is disabled, it is typically must less than
/// 256. Namely, bytes are grouped into equivalence classes such that no
/// two bytes in the same class can distinguish a match from a non-match.
/// For example, in the regex `^[a-z]+$`, the ASCII bytes `a-z` could
/// all be in the same equivalence class. This leads to a massive space
/// savings.
///
/// Note though that the alphabet length does _not_ necessarily equal the
/// total stride space taken up by a single DFA state in the transition
/// table. Namely, for performance reasons, the stride is always the
/// smallest power of two that is greater than or equal to the alphabet
/// length. For this reason, [`DFA::stride`] or [`DFA::stride2`] are
/// often more useful. The alphabet length is typically useful only for
/// informational purposes.
///
/// Note also that unlike dense or sparse DFAs, a one-pass DFA does
/// not have a special end-of-input (EOI) transition. This is because
/// a one-pass DFA handles look-around assertions explicitly (like the
/// [`PikeVM`](crate::nfa::thompson::pikevm::PikeVM)) and does not build
/// them into the transitions of the DFA.
#[inline]
pub fn alphabet_len(&self) -> usize {
self.alphabet_len
}
/// Returns the total stride for every state in this DFA, expressed as the
/// exponent of a power of 2. The stride is the amount of space each state
/// takes up in the transition table, expressed as a number of transitions.
/// (Unused transitions map to dead states.)
///
/// The stride of a DFA is always equivalent to the smallest power of
/// 2 that is greater than or equal to the DFA's alphabet length. This
/// definition uses extra space, but possibly permits faster translation
/// between state identifiers and their corresponding offsets in this DFA's
/// transition table.
///
/// For example, if the DFA's stride is 16 transitions, then its `stride2`
/// is `4` since `2^4 = 16`.
///
/// The minimum `stride2` value is `1` (corresponding to a stride of `2`)
/// while the maximum `stride2` value is `9` (corresponding to a stride
/// of `512`). The maximum in theory should be `8`, but because of some
/// implementation quirks that may be relaxed in the future, it is one more
/// than `8`. (Do note that a maximal stride is incredibly rare, as it
/// would imply that there is almost no redundant in the regex pattern.)
///
/// Note that unlike dense or sparse DFAs, a one-pass DFA does not expose
/// a low level DFA API. Therefore, this routine has little use other than
/// being informational.
#[inline]
pub fn stride2(&self) -> usize {
self.stride2
}
/// Returns the total stride for every state in this DFA. This corresponds
/// to the total number of transitions used by each state in this DFA's
/// transition table.
///
/// Please see [`DFA::stride2`] for more information. In particular, this
/// returns the stride as the number of transitions, where as `stride2`
/// returns it as the exponent of a power of 2.
///
/// Note that unlike dense or sparse DFAs, a one-pass DFA does not expose
/// a low level DFA API. Therefore, this routine has little use other than
/// being informational.
#[inline]
pub fn stride(&self) -> usize {
1 << self.stride2()
}
/// Returns the memory usage, in bytes, of this DFA.
///
/// The memory usage is computed based on the number of bytes used to
/// represent this DFA.
///
/// This does **not** include the stack size used up by this DFA. To
/// compute that, use `std::mem::size_of::<onepass::DFA>()`.
#[inline]
pub fn memory_usage(&self) -> usize {
use core::mem::size_of;
self.table.len() * size_of::<Transition>()
+ self.starts.len() * size_of::<StateID>()
}
}
impl DFA {
/// Executes an anchored leftmost forward search, and returns true if and
/// only if this one-pass DFA matches the given haystack.
///
/// This routine may short circuit if it knows that scanning future
/// input will never lead to a different result. In particular, if the
/// underlying DFA enters a match state, then this routine will return
/// `true` immediately without inspecting any future input. (Consider how
/// this might make a difference given the regex `a+` on the haystack
/// `aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa`. This routine can stop after it sees the first `a`,
/// but routines like `find` need to continue searching because `+` is
/// greedy by default.)
///
/// The given `Input` is forcefully set to use [`Anchored::Yes`] if the
/// given configuration was [`Anchored::No`] (which is the default).
///
/// # Panics
///
/// This routine panics if the search could not complete. This can occur
/// in the following circumstances:
///
/// * When the provided `Input` configuration is not supported. For
/// example, by providing an unsupported anchor mode. Concretely,
/// this occurs when using [`Anchored::Pattern`] without enabling
/// [`Config::starts_for_each_pattern`].
///
/// When a search panics, callers cannot know whether a match exists or
/// not.
///
/// Use [`DFA::try_search`] if you want to handle these panics as error
/// values instead.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This shows basic usage:
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::dfa::onepass::DFA;
///
/// let re = DFA::new("foo[0-9]+bar")?;
/// let mut cache = re.create_cache();
///
/// assert!(re.is_match(&mut cache, "foo12345bar"));
/// assert!(!re.is_match(&mut cache, "foobar"));
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
///
/// # Example: consistency with search APIs
///
/// `is_match` is guaranteed to return `true` whenever `captures` returns
/// a match. This includes searches that are executed entirely within a
/// codepoint:
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Input};
///
/// let re = DFA::new("a*")?;
/// let mut cache = re.create_cache();
///
/// assert!(!re.is_match(&mut cache, Input::new("☃").span(1..2)));
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
///
/// Notice that when UTF-8 mode is disabled, then the above reports a
/// match because the restriction against zero-width matches that split a
/// codepoint has been lifted:
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, nfa::thompson::NFA, Input};
///
/// let re = DFA::builder()
/// .thompson(NFA::config().utf8(false))
/// .build("a*")?;
/// let mut cache = re.create_cache();
///
/// assert!(re.is_match(&mut cache, Input::new("☃").span(1..2)));
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn is_match<'h, I: Into<Input<'h>>>(
&self,
cache: &mut Cache,
input: I,
) -> bool {
let mut input = input.into().earliest(true);
if matches!(input.get_anchored(), Anchored::No) {
input.set_anchored(Anchored::Yes);
}
self.try_search_slots(cache, &input, &mut []).unwrap().is_some()
}
/// Executes an anchored leftmost forward search, and returns a `Match` if
/// and only if this one-pass DFA matches the given haystack.
///
/// This routine only includes the overall match span. To get access to the
/// individual spans of each capturing group, use [`DFA::captures`].
///
/// The given `Input` is forcefully set to use [`Anchored::Yes`] if the
/// given configuration was [`Anchored::No`] (which is the default).
///
/// # Panics
///
/// This routine panics if the search could not complete. This can occur
/// in the following circumstances:
///
/// * When the provided `Input` configuration is not supported. For
/// example, by providing an unsupported anchor mode. Concretely,
/// this occurs when using [`Anchored::Pattern`] without enabling
/// [`Config::starts_for_each_pattern`].
///
/// When a search panics, callers cannot know whether a match exists or
/// not.
///
/// Use [`DFA::try_search`] if you want to handle these panics as error
/// values instead.
///
/// # Example
///
/// Leftmost first match semantics corresponds to the match with the
/// smallest starting offset, but where the end offset is determined by
/// preferring earlier branches in the original regular expression. For
/// example, `Sam|Samwise` will match `Sam` in `Samwise`, but `Samwise|Sam`
/// will match `Samwise` in `Samwise`.
///
/// Generally speaking, the "leftmost first" match is how most backtracking
/// regular expressions tend to work. This is in contrast to POSIX-style
/// regular expressions that yield "leftmost longest" matches. Namely,
/// both `Sam|Samwise` and `Samwise|Sam` match `Samwise` when using
/// leftmost longest semantics. (This crate does not currently support
/// leftmost longest semantics.)
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Match};
///
/// let re = DFA::new("foo[0-9]+")?;
/// let mut cache = re.create_cache();
/// let expected = Match::must(0, 0..8);
/// assert_eq!(Some(expected), re.find(&mut cache, "foo12345"));
///
/// // Even though a match is found after reading the first byte (`a`),
/// // the leftmost first match semantics demand that we find the earliest
/// // match that prefers earlier parts of the pattern over later parts.
/// let re = DFA::new("abc|a")?;
/// let mut cache = re.create_cache();
/// let expected = Match::must(0, 0..3);
/// assert_eq!(Some(expected), re.find(&mut cache, "abc"));
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn find<'h, I: Into<Input<'h>>>(
&self,
cache: &mut Cache,
input: I,
) -> Option<Match> {
let mut input = input.into();
if matches!(input.get_anchored(), Anchored::No) {
input.set_anchored(Anchored::Yes);
}
if self.get_nfa().pattern_len() == 1 {
let mut slots = [None, None];
let pid =
self.try_search_slots(cache, &input, &mut slots).unwrap()?;
let start = slots[0].unwrap().get();
let end = slots[1].unwrap().get();
return Some(Match::new(pid, Span { start, end }));
}
let ginfo = self.get_nfa().group_info();
let slots_len = ginfo.implicit_slot_len();
let mut slots = vec![None; slots_len];
let pid = self.try_search_slots(cache, &input, &mut slots).unwrap()?;
let start = slots[pid.as_usize() * 2].unwrap().get();
let end = slots[pid.as_usize() * 2 + 1].unwrap().get();
Some(Match::new(pid, Span { start, end }))
}
/// Executes an anchored leftmost forward search and writes the spans
/// of capturing groups that participated in a match into the provided
/// [`Captures`] value. If no match was found, then [`Captures::is_match`]
/// is guaranteed to return `false`.
///
/// The given `Input` is forcefully set to use [`Anchored::Yes`] if the
/// given configuration was [`Anchored::No`] (which is the default).
///
/// # Panics
///
/// This routine panics if the search could not complete. This can occur
/// in the following circumstances:
///
/// * When the provided `Input` configuration is not supported. For
/// example, by providing an unsupported anchor mode. Concretely,
/// this occurs when using [`Anchored::Pattern`] without enabling
/// [`Config::starts_for_each_pattern`].
///
/// When a search panics, callers cannot know whether a match exists or
/// not.
///
/// Use [`DFA::try_search`] if you want to handle these panics as error
/// values instead.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This shows a simple example of a one-pass regex that extracts
/// capturing group spans.
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Match, Span};
///
/// let re = DFA::new(
/// // Notice that we use ASCII here. The corresponding Unicode regex
/// // is sadly not one-pass.
/// "(?P<first>[[:alpha:]]+)[[:space:]]+(?P<last>[[:alpha:]]+)",
/// )?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
///
/// re.captures(&mut cache, "Bruce Springsteen", &mut caps);
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(0, 0..17)), caps.get_match());
/// assert_eq!(Some(Span::from(0..5)), caps.get_group(1));
/// assert_eq!(Some(Span::from(6..17)), caps.get_group_by_name("last"));
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn captures<'h, I: Into<Input<'h>>>(
&self,
cache: &mut Cache,
input: I,
caps: &mut Captures,
) {
let mut input = input.into();
if matches!(input.get_anchored(), Anchored::No) {
input.set_anchored(Anchored::Yes);
}
self.try_search(cache, &input, caps).unwrap();
}
/// Executes an anchored leftmost forward search and writes the spans
/// of capturing groups that participated in a match into the provided
/// [`Captures`] value. If no match was found, then [`Captures::is_match`]
/// is guaranteed to return `false`.
///
/// The differences with [`DFA::captures`] are:
///
/// 1. This returns an error instead of panicking if the search fails.
/// 2. Accepts an `&Input` instead of a `Into<Input>`. This permits reusing
/// the same input for multiple searches, which _may_ be important for
/// latency.
/// 3. This does not automatically change the [`Anchored`] mode from `No`
/// to `Yes`. Instead, if [`Input::anchored`] is `Anchored::No`, then an
/// error is returned.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// This routine errors if the search could not complete. This can occur
/// in the following circumstances:
///
/// * When the provided `Input` configuration is not supported. For
/// example, by providing an unsupported anchor mode. Concretely,
/// this occurs when using [`Anchored::Pattern`] without enabling
/// [`Config::starts_for_each_pattern`].
///
/// When a search returns an error, callers cannot know whether a match
/// exists or not.
///
/// # Example: specific pattern search
///
/// This example shows how to build a multi-regex that permits searching
/// for specific patterns. Note that this is somewhat less useful than
/// in other regex engines, since a one-pass DFA by definition has no
/// ambiguity about which pattern can match at a position. That is, if it
/// were possible for two different patterns to match at the same starting
/// position, then the multi-regex would not be one-pass and construction
/// would have failed.
///
/// Nevertheless, this can still be useful if you only care about matches
/// for a specific pattern, and want the DFA to report "no match" even if
/// some other pattern would have matched.
///
/// Note that in order to make use of this functionality,
/// [`Config::starts_for_each_pattern`] must be enabled. It is disabled
/// by default since it may result in higher memory usage.
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{
/// dfa::onepass::DFA, Anchored, Input, Match, PatternID,
/// };
///
/// let re = DFA::builder()
/// .configure(DFA::config().starts_for_each_pattern(true))
/// .build_many(&["[a-z]+", "[0-9]+"])?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
/// let haystack = "123abc";
/// let input = Input::new(haystack).anchored(Anchored::Yes);
///
/// // A normal multi-pattern search will show pattern 1 matches.
/// re.try_search(&mut cache, &input, &mut caps)?;
/// assert_eq!(Some(Match::must(1, 0..3)), caps.get_match());
///
/// // If we only want to report pattern 0 matches, then we'll get no
/// // match here.
/// let input = input.anchored(Anchored::Pattern(PatternID::must(0)));
/// re.try_search(&mut cache, &input, &mut caps)?;
/// assert_eq!(None, caps.get_match());
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
///
/// # Example: specifying the bounds of a search
///
/// This example shows how providing the bounds of a search can produce
/// different results than simply sub-slicing the haystack.
///
/// ```
/// # if cfg!(miri) { return Ok(()); } // miri takes too long
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Anchored, Input, Match};
///
/// // one-pass DFAs fully support Unicode word boundaries!
/// // A sad joke is that a Unicode aware regex like \w+\s is not one-pass.
/// // :-(
/// let re = DFA::new(r"\b[0-9]{3}\b")?;
/// let (mut cache, mut caps) = (re.create_cache(), re.create_captures());
/// let haystack = "foo123bar";
///
/// // Since we sub-slice the haystack, the search doesn't know about
/// // the larger context and assumes that `123` is surrounded by word
/// // boundaries. And of course, the match position is reported relative
/// // to the sub-slice as well, which means we get `0..3` instead of
/// // `3..6`.
/// let expected = Some(Match::must(0, 0..3));
/// let input = Input::new(&haystack[3..6]).anchored(Anchored::Yes);
/// re.try_search(&mut cache, &input, &mut caps)?;
/// assert_eq!(expected, caps.get_match());
///
/// // But if we provide the bounds of the search within the context of the
/// // entire haystack, then the search can take the surrounding context
/// // into account. (And if we did find a match, it would be reported
/// // as a valid offset into `haystack` instead of its sub-slice.)
/// let expected = None;
/// let input = Input::new(haystack).range(3..6).anchored(Anchored::Yes);
/// re.try_search(&mut cache, &input, &mut caps)?;
/// assert_eq!(expected, caps.get_match());
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn try_search(
&self,
cache: &mut Cache,
input: &Input<'_>,
caps: &mut Captures,
) -> Result<(), MatchError> {
let pid = self.try_search_slots(cache, input, caps.slots_mut())?;
caps.set_pattern(pid);
Ok(())
}
/// Executes an anchored leftmost forward search and writes the spans
/// of capturing groups that participated in a match into the provided
/// `slots`, and returns the matching pattern ID. The contents of the
/// slots for patterns other than the matching pattern are unspecified. If
/// no match was found, then `None` is returned and the contents of all
/// `slots` is unspecified.
///
/// This is like [`DFA::try_search`], but it accepts a raw slots slice
/// instead of a `Captures` value. This is useful in contexts where you
/// don't want or need to allocate a `Captures`.
///
/// It is legal to pass _any_ number of slots to this routine. If the regex
/// engine would otherwise write a slot offset that doesn't fit in the
/// provided slice, then it is simply skipped. In general though, there are
/// usually three slice lengths you might want to use:
///
/// * An empty slice, if you only care about which pattern matched.
/// * A slice with
/// [`pattern_len() * 2`](crate::dfa::onepass::DFA::pattern_len)
/// slots, if you only care about the overall match spans for each matching
/// pattern.
/// * A slice with
/// [`slot_len()`](crate::util::captures::GroupInfo::slot_len) slots, which
/// permits recording match offsets for every capturing group in every
/// pattern.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// This routine errors if the search could not complete. This can occur
/// in the following circumstances:
///
/// * When the provided `Input` configuration is not supported. For
/// example, by providing an unsupported anchor mode. Concretely,
/// this occurs when using [`Anchored::Pattern`] without enabling
/// [`Config::starts_for_each_pattern`].
///
/// When a search returns an error, callers cannot know whether a match
/// exists or not.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This example shows how to find the overall match offsets in a
/// multi-pattern search without allocating a `Captures` value. Indeed, we
/// can put our slots right on the stack.
///
/// ```
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Anchored, Input, PatternID};
///
/// let re = DFA::new_many(&[
/// r"[a-zA-Z]+",
/// r"[0-9]+",
/// ])?;
/// let mut cache = re.create_cache();
/// let input = Input::new("123").anchored(Anchored::Yes);
///
/// // We only care about the overall match offsets here, so we just
/// // allocate two slots for each pattern. Each slot records the start
/// // and end of the match.
/// let mut slots = [None; 4];
/// let pid = re.try_search_slots(&mut cache, &input, &mut slots)?;
/// assert_eq!(Some(PatternID::must(1)), pid);
///
/// // The overall match offsets are always at 'pid * 2' and 'pid * 2 + 1'.
/// // See 'GroupInfo' for more details on the mapping between groups and
/// // slot indices.
/// let slot_start = pid.unwrap().as_usize() * 2;
/// let slot_end = slot_start + 1;
/// assert_eq!(Some(0), slots[slot_start].map(|s| s.get()));
/// assert_eq!(Some(3), slots[slot_end].map(|s| s.get()));
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn try_search_slots(
&self,
cache: &mut Cache,
input: &Input<'_>,
slots: &mut [Option<NonMaxUsize>],
) -> Result<Option<PatternID>, MatchError> {
let utf8empty = self.get_nfa().has_empty() && self.get_nfa().is_utf8();
if !utf8empty {
return self.try_search_slots_imp(cache, input, slots);
}
// See PikeVM::try_search_slots for why we do this.
let min = self.get_nfa().group_info().implicit_slot_len();
if slots.len() >= min {
return self.try_search_slots_imp(cache, input, slots);
}
if self.get_nfa().pattern_len() == 1 {
let mut enough = [None, None];
let got = self.try_search_slots_imp(cache, input, &mut enough)?;
// This is OK because we know `enough_slots` is strictly bigger
// than `slots`, otherwise this special case isn't reached.
slots.copy_from_slice(&enough[..slots.len()]);
return Ok(got);
}
let mut enough = vec![None; min];
let got = self.try_search_slots_imp(cache, input, &mut enough)?;
// This is OK because we know `enough_slots` is strictly bigger than
// `slots`, otherwise this special case isn't reached.
slots.copy_from_slice(&enough[..slots.len()]);
Ok(got)
}
#[inline(never)]
fn try_search_slots_imp(
&self,
cache: &mut Cache,
input: &Input<'_>,
slots: &mut [Option<NonMaxUsize>],
) -> Result<Option<PatternID>, MatchError> {
let utf8empty = self.get_nfa().has_empty() && self.get_nfa().is_utf8();
match self.search_imp(cache, input, slots)? {
None => return Ok(None),
Some(pid) if !utf8empty => return Ok(Some(pid)),
Some(pid) => {
// These slot indices are always correct because we know our
// 'pid' is valid and thus we know that the slot indices for it
// are valid.
let slot_start = pid.as_usize().wrapping_mul(2);
let slot_end = slot_start.wrapping_add(1);
// OK because we know we have a match and we know our caller
// provided slots are big enough (which we make true above if
// the caller didn't). Namely, we're only here when 'utf8empty'
// is true, and when that's true, we require slots for every
// pattern.
let start = slots[slot_start].unwrap().get();
let end = slots[slot_end].unwrap().get();
// If our match splits a codepoint, then we cannot report is
// as a match. And since one-pass DFAs only support anchored
// searches, we don't try to skip ahead to find the next match.
// We can just quit with nothing.
if start == end && !input.is_char_boundary(start) {
return Ok(None);
}
Ok(Some(pid))
}
}
}
}
impl DFA {
fn search_imp(
&self,
cache: &mut Cache,
input: &Input<'_>,
slots: &mut [Option<NonMaxUsize>],
) -> Result<Option<PatternID>, MatchError> {
// PERF: Some ideas. I ran out of steam after my initial impl to try
// many of these.
//
// 1) Try doing more state shuffling. Right now, all we do is push
// match states to the end of the transition table so that we can do
// 'if sid >= self.min_match_id' to know whether we're in a match
// state or not. But what about doing something like dense DFAs and
// pushing dead, match and states with captures/looks all toward the
// beginning of the transition table. Then we could do 'if sid <=
// self.max_special_id', in which case, we need to do some special
// handling of some sort. Otherwise, we get the happy path, just
// like in a DFA search. The main argument against this is that the
// one-pass DFA is likely to be used most often with capturing groups
// and if capturing groups are common, then this might wind up being a
// pessimization.
//
// 2) Consider moving 'PatternEpsilons' out of the transition table.
// It is only needed for match states and usually a small minority of
// states are match states. Therefore, we're using an extra 'u64' for
// most states.
//
// 3) I played around with the match state handling and it seems like
// there is probably a lot left on the table for improvement. The
// key tension is that the 'find_match' routine is a giant mess, but
// splitting it out into a non-inlineable function is a non-starter
// because the match state might consume input, so 'find_match' COULD
// be called quite a lot, and a function call at that point would trash
// perf. In theory, we could detect whether a match state consumes
// input and then specialize our search routine based on that. In that
// case, maybe an extra function call is OK, but even then, it might be
// too much of a latency hit. Another idea is to just try and figure
// out how to reduce the code size of 'find_match'. RE2 has a trick
// here where the match handling isn't done if we know the next byte of
// input yields a match too. Maybe we adopt that?
//
// This just might be a tricky DFA to optimize.
if input.is_done() {
return Ok(None);
}
// We unfortunately have a bit of book-keeping to do to set things
// up. We do have to setup our cache and clear all of our slots. In
// particular, clearing the slots is necessary for the case where we
// report a match, but one of the capturing groups didn't participate
// in the match but had a span set from a previous search. That would
// be bad. In theory, we could avoid all this slot clearing if we knew
// that every slot was always activated for every match. Then we would
// know they would always be overwritten when a match is found.
let explicit_slots_len = core::cmp::min(
Slots::LIMIT,
slots.len().saturating_sub(self.explicit_slot_start),
);
cache.setup_search(explicit_slots_len);
for slot in cache.explicit_slots() {
*slot = None;
}
for slot in slots.iter_mut() {
*slot = None;
}
// We set the starting slots for every pattern up front. This does
// increase our latency somewhat, but it avoids having to do it every
// time we see a match state (which could be many times in a single
// search if the match state consumes input).
for pid in self.nfa.patterns() {
let i = pid.as_usize() * 2;
if i >= slots.len() {
break;
}
slots[i] = NonMaxUsize::new(input.start());
}
let mut pid = None;
let mut next_sid = match input.get_anchored() {
Anchored::Yes => self.start(),
Anchored::Pattern(pid) => self.start_pattern(pid)?,
Anchored::No => {
// If the regex is itself always anchored, then we're fine,
// even if the search is configured to be unanchored.
if !self.nfa.is_always_start_anchored() {
return Err(MatchError::unsupported_anchored(
Anchored::No,
));
}
self.start()
}
};
let leftmost_first =
matches!(self.config.get_match_kind(), MatchKind::LeftmostFirst);
for at in input.start()..input.end() {
let sid = next_sid;
let trans = self.transition(sid, input.haystack()[at]);
next_sid = trans.state_id();
let epsilons = trans.epsilons();
if sid >= self.min_match_id {
if self.find_match(cache, input, at, sid, slots, &mut pid) {
if input.get_earliest()
|| (leftmost_first && trans.match_wins())
{
return Ok(pid);
}
}
}
if sid == DEAD
|| (!epsilons.looks().is_empty()
&& !self.nfa.look_matcher().matches_set_inline(
epsilons.looks(),
input.haystack(),
at,
))
{
return Ok(pid);
}
epsilons.slots().apply(at, cache.explicit_slots());
}
if next_sid >= self.min_match_id {
self.find_match(
cache,
input,
input.end(),
next_sid,
slots,
&mut pid,
);
}
Ok(pid)
}
/// Assumes 'sid' is a match state and looks for whether a match can
/// be reported. If so, appropriate offsets are written to 'slots' and
/// 'matched_pid' is set to the matching pattern ID.
///
/// Even when 'sid' is a match state, it's possible that a match won't
/// be reported. For example, when the conditional epsilon transitions
/// leading to the match state aren't satisfied at the given position in
/// the haystack.
#[cfg_attr(feature = "perf-inline", inline(always))]
fn find_match(
&self,
cache: &mut Cache,
input: &Input<'_>,
at: usize,
sid: StateID,
slots: &mut [Option<NonMaxUsize>],
matched_pid: &mut Option<PatternID>,
) -> bool {
debug_assert!(sid >= self.min_match_id);
let pateps = self.pattern_epsilons(sid);
let epsilons = pateps.epsilons();
if !epsilons.looks().is_empty()
&& !self.nfa.look_matcher().matches_set_inline(
epsilons.looks(),
input.haystack(),
at,
)
{
return false;
}
let pid = pateps.pattern_id_unchecked();
// This calculation is always correct because we know our 'pid' is
// valid and thus we know that the slot indices for it are valid.
let slot_end = pid.as_usize().wrapping_mul(2).wrapping_add(1);
// Set the implicit 'end' slot for the matching pattern. (The 'start'
// slot was set at the beginning of the search.)
if slot_end < slots.len() {
slots[slot_end] = NonMaxUsize::new(at);
}
// If the caller provided enough room, copy the previously recorded
// explicit slots from our scratch space to the caller provided slots.
// We *also* need to set any explicit slots that are active as part of
// the path to the match state.
if self.explicit_slot_start < slots.len() {
// NOTE: The 'cache.explicit_slots()' slice is setup at the
// beginning of every search such that it is guaranteed to return a
// slice of length equivalent to 'slots[explicit_slot_start..]'.
slots[self.explicit_slot_start..]
.copy_from_slice(cache.explicit_slots());
epsilons.slots().apply(at, &mut slots[self.explicit_slot_start..]);
}
*matched_pid = Some(pid);
true
}
}
impl DFA {
/// Returns the anchored start state for matching any pattern in this DFA.
fn start(&self) -> StateID {
self.starts[0]
}
/// Returns the anchored start state for matching the given pattern. If
/// 'starts_for_each_pattern'
/// was not enabled, then this returns an error. If the given pattern is
/// not in this DFA, then `Ok(None)` is returned.
fn start_pattern(&self, pid: PatternID) -> Result<StateID, MatchError> {
if !self.config.get_starts_for_each_pattern() {
return Err(MatchError::unsupported_anchored(Anchored::Pattern(
pid,
)));
}
// 'starts' always has non-zero length. The first entry is always the
// anchored starting state for all patterns, and the following entries
// are optional and correspond to the anchored starting states for
// patterns at pid+1. Thus, starts.len()-1 corresponds to the total
// number of patterns that one can explicitly search for. (And it may
// be zero.)
Ok(self.starts.get(pid.one_more()).copied().unwrap_or(DEAD))
}
/// Returns the transition from the given state ID and byte of input. The
/// transition includes the next state ID, the slots that should be saved
/// and any conditional epsilon transitions that must be satisfied in order
/// to take this transition.
fn transition(&self, sid: StateID, byte: u8) -> Transition {
let offset = sid.as_usize() << self.stride2();
let class = self.classes.get(byte).as_usize();
self.table[offset + class]
}
/// Set the transition from the given state ID and byte of input to the
/// transition given.
fn set_transition(&mut self, sid: StateID, byte: u8, to: Transition) {
let offset = sid.as_usize() << self.stride2();
let class = self.classes.get(byte).as_usize();
self.table[offset + class] = to;
}
/// Return an iterator of "sparse" transitions for the given state ID.
/// "sparse" in this context means that consecutive transitions that are
/// equivalent are returned as one group, and transitions to the DEAD state
/// are ignored.
///
/// This winds up being useful for debug printing, since it's much terser
/// to display runs of equivalent transitions than the transition for every
/// possible byte value. Indeed, in practice, it's very common for runs
/// of equivalent transitions to appear.
fn sparse_transitions(&self, sid: StateID) -> SparseTransitionIter<'_> {
let start = sid.as_usize() << self.stride2();
let end = start + self.alphabet_len();
SparseTransitionIter {
it: self.table[start..end].iter().enumerate(),
cur: None,
}
}
/// Return the pattern epsilons for the given state ID.
///
/// If the given state ID does not correspond to a match state ID, then the
/// pattern epsilons returned is empty.
fn pattern_epsilons(&self, sid: StateID) -> PatternEpsilons {
let offset = sid.as_usize() << self.stride2();
PatternEpsilons(self.table[offset + self.pateps_offset].0)
}
/// Set the pattern epsilons for the given state ID.
fn set_pattern_epsilons(&mut self, sid: StateID, pateps: PatternEpsilons) {
let offset = sid.as_usize() << self.stride2();
self.table[offset + self.pateps_offset] = Transition(pateps.0);
}
/// Returns the state ID prior to the one given. This returns None if the
/// given ID is the first DFA state.
fn prev_state_id(&self, id: StateID) -> Option<StateID> {
if id == DEAD {
None
} else {
// CORRECTNESS: Since 'id' is not the first state, subtracting 1
// is always valid.
Some(StateID::new_unchecked(id.as_usize().checked_sub(1).unwrap()))
}
}
/// Returns the state ID of the last state in this DFA's transition table.
/// "last" in this context means the last state to appear in memory, i.e.,
/// the one with the greatest ID.
fn last_state_id(&self) -> StateID {
// CORRECTNESS: A DFA table is always non-empty since it always at
// least contains a DEAD state. Since every state has the same stride,
// we can just compute what the "next" state ID would have been and
// then subtract 1 from it.
StateID::new_unchecked(
(self.table.len() >> self.stride2()).checked_sub(1).unwrap(),
)
}
/// Move the transitions from 'id1' to 'id2' and vice versa.
///
/// WARNING: This does not update the rest of the transition table to have
/// transitions to 'id1' changed to 'id2' and vice versa. This merely moves
/// the states in memory.
pub(super) fn swap_states(&mut self, id1: StateID, id2: StateID) {
let o1 = id1.as_usize() << self.stride2();
let o2 = id2.as_usize() << self.stride2();
for b in 0..self.stride() {
self.table.swap(o1 + b, o2 + b);
}
}
/// Map all state IDs in this DFA (transition table + start states)
/// according to the closure given.
pub(super) fn remap(&mut self, map: impl Fn(StateID) -> StateID) {
for i in 0..self.state_len() {
let offset = i << self.stride2();
for b in 0..self.alphabet_len() {
let next = self.table[offset + b].state_id();
self.table[offset + b].set_state_id(map(next));
}
}
for i in 0..self.starts.len() {
self.starts[i] = map(self.starts[i]);
}
}
}
impl core::fmt::Debug for DFA {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
fn debug_state_transitions(
f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter,
dfa: &DFA,
sid: StateID,
) -> core::fmt::Result {
for (i, (start, end, trans)) in
dfa.sparse_transitions(sid).enumerate()
{
let next = trans.state_id();
if i > 0 {
write!(f, ", ")?;
}
if start == end {
write!(
f,
"{:?} => {:?}",
DebugByte(start),
next.as_usize(),
)?;
} else {
write!(
f,
"{:?}-{:?} => {:?}",
DebugByte(start),
DebugByte(end),
next.as_usize(),
)?;
}
if trans.match_wins() {
write!(f, " (MW)")?;
}
if !trans.epsilons().is_empty() {
write!(f, " ({:?})", trans.epsilons())?;
}
}
Ok(())
}
writeln!(f, "onepass::DFA(")?;
for index in 0..self.state_len() {
let sid = StateID::must(index);
let pateps = self.pattern_epsilons(sid);
if sid == DEAD {
write!(f, "D ")?;
} else if pateps.pattern_id().is_some() {
write!(f, "* ")?;
} else {
write!(f, " ")?;
}
write!(f, "{:06?}", sid.as_usize())?;
if !pateps.is_empty() {
write!(f, " ({:?})", pateps)?;
}
write!(f, ": ")?;
debug_state_transitions(f, self, sid)?;
write!(f, "\n")?;
}
writeln!(f, "")?;
for (i, &sid) in self.starts.iter().enumerate() {
if i == 0 {
writeln!(f, "START(ALL): {:?}", sid.as_usize())?;
} else {
writeln!(
f,
"START(pattern: {:?}): {:?}",
i - 1,
sid.as_usize(),
)?;
}
}
writeln!(f, "state length: {:?}", self.state_len())?;
writeln!(f, "pattern length: {:?}", self.pattern_len())?;
writeln!(f, ")")?;
Ok(())
}
}
/// An iterator over groups of consecutive equivalent transitions in a single
/// state.
#[derive(Debug)]
struct SparseTransitionIter<'a> {
it: core::iter::Enumerate<core::slice::Iter<'a, Transition>>,
cur: Option<(u8, u8, Transition)>,
}
impl<'a> Iterator for SparseTransitionIter<'a> {
type Item = (u8, u8, Transition);
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(u8, u8, Transition)> {
while let Some((b, &trans)) = self.it.next() {
// Fine because we'll never have more than u8::MAX transitions in
// one state.
let b = b.as_u8();
let (prev_start, prev_end, prev_trans) = match self.cur {
Some(t) => t,
None => {
self.cur = Some((b, b, trans));
continue;
}
};
if prev_trans == trans {
self.cur = Some((prev_start, b, prev_trans));
} else {
self.cur = Some((b, b, trans));
if prev_trans.state_id() != DEAD {
return Some((prev_start, prev_end, prev_trans));
}
}
}
if let Some((start, end, trans)) = self.cur.take() {
if trans.state_id() != DEAD {
return Some((start, end, trans));
}
}
None
}
}
/// A cache represents mutable state that a one-pass [`DFA`] requires during a
/// search.
///
/// For a given one-pass DFA, its corresponding cache may be created either via
/// [`DFA::create_cache`], or via [`Cache::new`]. They are equivalent in every
/// way, except the former does not require explicitly importing `Cache`.
///
/// A particular `Cache` is coupled with the one-pass DFA from which it was
/// created. It may only be used with that one-pass DFA. A cache and its
/// allocations may be re-purposed via [`Cache::reset`], in which case, it can
/// only be used with the new one-pass DFA (and not the old one).
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Cache {
/// Scratch space used to store slots during a search. Basically, we use
/// the caller provided slots to store slots known when a match occurs.
/// But after a match occurs, we might continue a search but ultimately
/// fail to extend the match. When continuing the search, we need some
/// place to store candidate capture offsets without overwriting the slot
/// offsets recorded for the most recently seen match.
explicit_slots: Vec<Option<NonMaxUsize>>,
/// The number of slots in the caller-provided 'Captures' value for the
/// current search. This is always at most 'explicit_slots.len()', but
/// might be less than it, if the caller provided fewer slots to fill.
explicit_slot_len: usize,
}
impl Cache {
/// Create a new [`onepass::DFA`](DFA) cache.
///
/// A potentially more convenient routine to create a cache is
/// [`DFA::create_cache`], as it does not require also importing the
/// `Cache` type.
///
/// If you want to reuse the returned `Cache` with some other one-pass DFA,
/// then you must call [`Cache::reset`] with the desired one-pass DFA.
pub fn new(re: &DFA) -> Cache {
let mut cache = Cache { explicit_slots: vec![], explicit_slot_len: 0 };
cache.reset(re);
cache
}
/// Reset this cache such that it can be used for searching with a
/// different [`onepass::DFA`](DFA).
///
/// A cache reset permits reusing memory already allocated in this cache
/// with a different one-pass DFA.
///
/// # Example
///
/// This shows how to re-purpose a cache for use with a different one-pass
/// DFA.
///
/// ```
/// # if cfg!(miri) { return Ok(()); } // miri takes too long
/// use regex_automata::{dfa::onepass::DFA, Match};
///
/// let re1 = DFA::new(r"\w")?;
/// let re2 = DFA::new(r"\W")?;
/// let mut caps1 = re1.create_captures();
/// let mut caps2 = re2.create_captures();
///
/// let mut cache = re1.create_cache();
/// assert_eq!(
/// Some(Match::must(0, 0..2)),
/// { re1.captures(&mut cache, "Δ", &mut caps1); caps1.get_match() },
/// );
///
/// // Using 'cache' with re2 is not allowed. It may result in panics or
/// // incorrect results. In order to re-purpose the cache, we must reset
/// // it with the one-pass DFA we'd like to use it with.
/// //
/// // Similarly, after this reset, using the cache with 're1' is also not
/// // allowed.
/// re2.reset_cache(&mut cache);
/// assert_eq!(
/// Some(Match::must(0, 0..3)),
/// { re2.captures(&mut cache, "☃", &mut caps2); caps2.get_match() },
/// );
///
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
pub fn reset(&mut self, re: &DFA) {
let explicit_slot_len = re.get_nfa().group_info().explicit_slot_len();
self.explicit_slots.resize(explicit_slot_len, None);
self.explicit_slot_len = explicit_slot_len;
}
/// Returns the heap memory usage, in bytes, of this cache.
///
/// This does **not** include the stack size used up by this cache. To
/// compute that, use `std::mem::size_of::<Cache>()`.
pub fn memory_usage(&self) -> usize {
self.explicit_slots.len() * core::mem::size_of::<Option<NonMaxUsize>>()
}
fn explicit_slots(&mut self) -> &mut [Option<NonMaxUsize>] {
&mut self.explicit_slots[..self.explicit_slot_len]
}
fn setup_search(&mut self, explicit_slot_len: usize) {
self.explicit_slot_len = explicit_slot_len;
}
}
/// Represents a single transition in a one-pass DFA.
///
/// The high 21 bits corresponds to the state ID. The bit following corresponds
/// to the special "match wins" flag. The remaining low 42 bits corresponds to
/// the transition epsilons, which contains the slots that should be saved when
/// this transition is followed and the conditional epsilon transitions that
/// must be satisfied in order to follow this transition.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
struct Transition(u64);
impl Transition {
const STATE_ID_BITS: u64 = 21;
const STATE_ID_SHIFT: u64 = 64 - Transition::STATE_ID_BITS;
const STATE_ID_LIMIT: u64 = 1 << Transition::STATE_ID_BITS;
const MATCH_WINS_SHIFT: u64 = 64 - (Transition::STATE_ID_BITS + 1);
const INFO_MASK: u64 = 0x000003FF_FFFFFFFF;
/// Return a new transition to the given state ID with the given epsilons.
fn new(match_wins: bool, sid: StateID, epsilons: Epsilons) -> Transition {
let match_wins =
if match_wins { 1 << Transition::MATCH_WINS_SHIFT } else { 0 };
let sid = sid.as_u64() << Transition::STATE_ID_SHIFT;
Transition(sid | match_wins | epsilons.0)
}
/// Returns true if and only if this transition points to the DEAD state.
fn is_dead(self) -> bool {
self.state_id() == DEAD
}
/// Return whether this transition has a "match wins" property.
///
/// When a transition has this property, it means that if a match has been
/// found and the search uses leftmost-first semantics, then that match
/// should be returned immediately instead of continuing on.
///
/// The "match wins" name comes from RE2, which uses a pretty much
/// identical mechanism for implementing leftmost-first semantics.
fn match_wins(&self) -> bool {
(self.0 >> Transition::MATCH_WINS_SHIFT & 1) == 1
}
/// Return the "next" state ID that this transition points to.
fn state_id(&self) -> StateID {
// OK because a Transition has a valid StateID in its upper bits by
// construction. The cast to usize is also correct, even on 16-bit
// targets because, again, we know the upper bits is a valid StateID,
// which can never overflow usize on any supported target.
StateID::new_unchecked(
(self.0 >> Transition::STATE_ID_SHIFT).as_usize(),
)
}
/// Set the "next" state ID in this transition.
fn set_state_id(&mut self, sid: StateID) {
*self = Transition::new(self.match_wins(), sid, self.epsilons());
}
/// Return the epsilons embedded in this transition.
fn epsilons(&self) -> Epsilons {
Epsilons(self.0 & Transition::INFO_MASK)
}
}
impl core::fmt::Debug for Transition {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
if self.is_dead() {
return write!(f, "0");
}
write!(f, "{}", self.state_id().as_usize())?;
if self.match_wins() {
write!(f, "-MW")?;
}
if !self.epsilons().is_empty() {
write!(f, "-{:?}", self.epsilons())?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
/// A representation of a match state's pattern ID along with the epsilons for
/// when a match occurs.
///
/// A match state in a one-pass DFA, unlike in a more general DFA, has exactly
/// one pattern ID. If it had more, then the original NFA would not have been
/// one-pass.
///
/// The "epsilons" part of this corresponds to what was found in the epsilon
/// transitions between the transition taken in the last byte of input and the
/// ultimate match state. This might include saving slots and/or conditional
/// epsilon transitions that must be satisfied before one can report the match.
///
/// Technically, every state has room for a 'PatternEpsilons', but it is only
/// ever non-empty for match states.
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct PatternEpsilons(u64);
impl PatternEpsilons {
const PATTERN_ID_BITS: u64 = 22;
const PATTERN_ID_SHIFT: u64 = 64 - PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_BITS;
// A sentinel value indicating that this is not a match state. We don't
// use 0 since 0 is a valid pattern ID.
const PATTERN_ID_NONE: u64 = 0x00000000_003FFFFF;
const PATTERN_ID_LIMIT: u64 = PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_NONE;
const PATTERN_ID_MASK: u64 = 0xFFFFFC00_00000000;
const EPSILONS_MASK: u64 = 0x000003FF_FFFFFFFF;
/// Return a new empty pattern epsilons that has no pattern ID and has no
/// epsilons. This is suitable for non-match states.
fn empty() -> PatternEpsilons {
PatternEpsilons(
PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_NONE
<< PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_SHIFT,
)
}
/// Whether this pattern epsilons is empty or not. It's empty when it has
/// no pattern ID and an empty epsilons.
fn is_empty(self) -> bool {
self.pattern_id().is_none() && self.epsilons().is_empty()
}
/// Return the pattern ID in this pattern epsilons if one exists.
fn pattern_id(self) -> Option<PatternID> {
let pid = self.0 >> PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_SHIFT;
if pid == PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_LIMIT {
None
} else {
Some(PatternID::new_unchecked(pid.as_usize()))
}
}
/// Returns the pattern ID without checking whether it's valid. If this is
/// called and there is no pattern ID in this `PatternEpsilons`, then this
/// will likely produce an incorrect result or possibly even a panic or
/// an overflow. But safety will not be violated.
///
/// This is useful when you know a particular state is a match state. If
/// it's a match state, then it must have a pattern ID.
fn pattern_id_unchecked(self) -> PatternID {
let pid = self.0 >> PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_SHIFT;
PatternID::new_unchecked(pid.as_usize())
}
/// Return a new pattern epsilons with the given pattern ID, but the same
/// epsilons.
fn set_pattern_id(self, pid: PatternID) -> PatternEpsilons {
PatternEpsilons(
(pid.as_u64() << PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_SHIFT)
| (self.0 & PatternEpsilons::EPSILONS_MASK),
)
}
/// Return the epsilons part of this pattern epsilons.
fn epsilons(self) -> Epsilons {
Epsilons(self.0 & PatternEpsilons::EPSILONS_MASK)
}
/// Return a new pattern epsilons with the given epsilons, but the same
/// pattern ID.
fn set_epsilons(self, epsilons: Epsilons) -> PatternEpsilons {
PatternEpsilons(
(self.0 & PatternEpsilons::PATTERN_ID_MASK)
| (u64::from(epsilons.0) & PatternEpsilons::EPSILONS_MASK),
)
}
}
impl core::fmt::Debug for PatternEpsilons {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
if self.is_empty() {
return write!(f, "N/A");
}
if let Some(pid) = self.pattern_id() {
write!(f, "{}", pid.as_usize())?;
}
if !self.epsilons().is_empty() {
if self.pattern_id().is_some() {
write!(f, "/")?;
}
write!(f, "{:?}", self.epsilons())?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
/// Epsilons represents all of the NFA epsilons transitions that went into a
/// single transition in a single DFA state. In this case, it only represents
/// the epsilon transitions that have some kind of non-consuming side effect:
/// either the transition requires storing the current position of the search
/// into a slot, or the transition is conditional and requires the current
/// position in the input to satisfy an assertion before the transition may be
/// taken.
///
/// This folds the cumulative effect of a group of NFA states (all connected
/// by epsilon transitions) down into a single set of bits. While these bits
/// can represent all possible conditional epsilon transitions, it only permits
/// storing up to a somewhat small number of slots.
///
/// Epsilons is represented as a 42-bit integer. For example, it is packed into
/// the lower 42 bits of a `Transition`. (Where the high 22 bits contains a
/// `StateID` and a special "match wins" property.)
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct Epsilons(u64);
impl Epsilons {
const SLOT_MASK: u64 = 0x000003FF_FFFFFC00;
const SLOT_SHIFT: u64 = 10;
const LOOK_MASK: u64 = 0x00000000_000003FF;
/// Create a new empty epsilons. It has no slots and no assertions that
/// need to be satisfied.
fn empty() -> Epsilons {
Epsilons(0)
}
/// Returns true if this epsilons contains no slots and no assertions.
fn is_empty(self) -> bool {
self.0 == 0
}
/// Returns the slot epsilon transitions.
fn slots(self) -> Slots {
Slots((self.0 >> Epsilons::SLOT_SHIFT).low_u32())
}
/// Set the slot epsilon transitions.
fn set_slots(self, slots: Slots) -> Epsilons {
Epsilons(
(u64::from(slots.0) << Epsilons::SLOT_SHIFT)
| (self.0 & Epsilons::LOOK_MASK),
)
}
/// Return the set of look-around assertions in these epsilon transitions.
fn looks(self) -> LookSet {
LookSet { bits: (self.0 & Epsilons::LOOK_MASK).low_u32() }
}
/// Set the look-around assertions on these epsilon transitions.
fn set_looks(self, look_set: LookSet) -> Epsilons {
Epsilons(
(self.0 & Epsilons::SLOT_MASK)
| (u64::from(look_set.bits) & Epsilons::LOOK_MASK),
)
}
}
impl core::fmt::Debug for Epsilons {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
let mut wrote = false;
if !self.slots().is_empty() {
write!(f, "{:?}", self.slots())?;
wrote = true;
}
if !self.looks().is_empty() {
if wrote {
write!(f, "/")?;
}
write!(f, "{:?}", self.looks())?;
wrote = true;
}
if !wrote {
write!(f, "N/A")?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
/// The set of epsilon transitions indicating that the current position in a
/// search should be saved to a slot.
///
/// This *only* represents explicit slots. So for example, the pattern
/// `[a-z]+([0-9]+)([a-z]+)` has:
///
/// * 3 capturing groups, thus 6 slots.
/// * 1 implicit capturing group, thus 2 implicit slots.
/// * 2 explicit capturing groups, thus 4 explicit slots.
///
/// While implicit slots are represented by epsilon transitions in an NFA, we
/// do not explicitly represent them here. Instead, implicit slots are assumed
/// to be present and handled automatically in the search code. Therefore,
/// that means we only need to represent explicit slots in our epsilon
/// transitions.
///
/// Its representation is a bit set. The bit 'i' is set if and only if there
/// exists an explicit slot at index 'c', where 'c = (#patterns * 2) + i'. That
/// is, the bit 'i' corresponds to the first explicit slot and the first
/// explicit slot appears immediately following the last implicit slot. (If
/// this is confusing, see `GroupInfo` for more details on how slots works.)
///
/// A single `Slots` represents all the active slots in a sub-graph of an NFA,
/// where all the states are connected by epsilon transitions. In effect, when
/// traversing the one-pass DFA during a search, all slots set in a particular
/// transition must be captured by recording the current search position.
///
/// The API of `Slots` requires the caller to handle the explicit slot offset.
/// That is, a `Slots` doesn't know where the explicit slots start for a
/// particular NFA. Thus, if the callers see's the bit 'i' is set, then they
/// need to do the arithmetic above to find 'c', which is the real actual slot
/// index in the corresponding NFA.
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct Slots(u32);
impl Slots {
const LIMIT: usize = 32;
/// Insert the slot at the given bit index.
fn insert(self, slot: usize) -> Slots {
debug_assert!(slot < Slots::LIMIT);
Slots(self.0 | (1 << slot.as_u32()))
}
/// Remove the slot at the given bit index.
fn remove(self, slot: usize) -> Slots {
debug_assert!(slot < Slots::LIMIT);
Slots(self.0 & !(1 << slot.as_u32()))
}
/// Returns true if and only if this set contains no slots.
fn is_empty(self) -> bool {
self.0 == 0
}
/// Returns an iterator over all of the set bits in this set.
fn iter(self) -> SlotsIter {
SlotsIter { slots: self }
}
/// For the position `at` in the current haystack, copy it to
/// `caller_explicit_slots` for all slots that are in this set.
///
/// Callers may pass a slice of any length. Slots in this set bigger than
/// the length of the given explicit slots are simply skipped.
///
/// The slice *must* correspond only to the explicit slots and the first
/// element of the slice must always correspond to the first explicit slot
/// in the corresponding NFA.
fn apply(
self,
at: usize,
caller_explicit_slots: &mut [Option<NonMaxUsize>],
) {
if self.is_empty() {
return;
}
let at = NonMaxUsize::new(at);
for slot in self.iter() {
if slot >= caller_explicit_slots.len() {
break;
}
caller_explicit_slots[slot] = at;
}
}
}
impl core::fmt::Debug for Slots {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
write!(f, "S")?;
for slot in self.iter() {
write!(f, "-{:?}", slot)?;
}
Ok(())
}
}
/// An iterator over all of the bits set in a slot set.
///
/// This returns the bit index that is set, so callers may need to offset it
/// to get the actual NFA slot index.
#[derive(Debug)]
struct SlotsIter {
slots: Slots,
}
impl Iterator for SlotsIter {
type Item = usize;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<usize> {
// Number of zeroes here is always <= u8::MAX, and so fits in a usize.
let slot = self.slots.0.trailing_zeros().as_usize();
if slot >= Slots::LIMIT {
return None;
}
self.slots = self.slots.remove(slot);
Some(slot)
}
}
/// An error that occurred during the construction of a one-pass DFA.
///
/// This error does not provide many introspection capabilities. There are
/// generally only two things you can do with it:
///
/// * Obtain a human readable message via its `std::fmt::Display` impl.
/// * Access an underlying [`thompson::BuildError`] type from its `source`
/// method via the `std::error::Error` trait. This error only occurs when using
/// convenience routines for building a one-pass DFA directly from a pattern
/// string.
///
/// When the `std` feature is enabled, this implements the `std::error::Error`
/// trait.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct BuildError {
kind: BuildErrorKind,
}
/// The kind of error that occurred during the construction of a one-pass DFA.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
enum BuildErrorKind {
NFA(crate::nfa::thompson::BuildError),
Word(UnicodeWordBoundaryError),
TooManyStates { limit: u64 },
TooManyPatterns { limit: u64 },
UnsupportedLook { look: Look },
ExceededSizeLimit { limit: usize },
NotOnePass { msg: &'static str },
}
impl BuildError {
fn nfa(err: crate::nfa::thompson::BuildError) -> BuildError {
BuildError { kind: BuildErrorKind::NFA(err) }
}
fn word(err: UnicodeWordBoundaryError) -> BuildError {
BuildError { kind: BuildErrorKind::Word(err) }
}
fn too_many_states(limit: u64) -> BuildError {
BuildError { kind: BuildErrorKind::TooManyStates { limit } }
}
fn too_many_patterns(limit: u64) -> BuildError {
BuildError { kind: BuildErrorKind::TooManyPatterns { limit } }
}
fn unsupported_look(look: Look) -> BuildError {
BuildError { kind: BuildErrorKind::UnsupportedLook { look } }
}
fn exceeded_size_limit(limit: usize) -> BuildError {
BuildError { kind: BuildErrorKind::ExceededSizeLimit { limit } }
}
fn not_one_pass(msg: &'static str) -> BuildError {
BuildError { kind: BuildErrorKind::NotOnePass { msg } }
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
impl std::error::Error for BuildError {
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
use self::BuildErrorKind::*;
match self.kind {
NFA(ref err) => Some(err),
Word(ref err) => Some(err),
_ => None,
}
}
}
impl core::fmt::Display for BuildError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
use self::BuildErrorKind::*;
match self.kind {
NFA(_) => write!(f, "error building NFA"),
Word(_) => write!(f, "NFA contains Unicode word boundary"),
TooManyStates { limit } => write!(
f,
"one-pass DFA exceeded a limit of {:?} for number of states",
limit,
),
TooManyPatterns { limit } => write!(
f,
"one-pass DFA exceeded a limit of {:?} for number of patterns",
limit,
),
UnsupportedLook { look } => write!(
f,
"one-pass DFA does not support the {:?} assertion",
look,
),
ExceededSizeLimit { limit } => write!(
f,
"one-pass DFA exceeded size limit of {:?} during building",
limit,
),
NotOnePass { msg } => write!(
f,
"one-pass DFA could not be built because \
pattern is not one-pass: {}",
msg,
),
}
}
}
#[cfg(all(test, feature = "syntax"))]
mod tests {
use alloc::string::ToString;
use super::*;
#[test]
fn fail_conflicting_transition() {
let predicate = |err: &str| err.contains("conflicting transition");
let err = DFA::new(r"a*[ab]").unwrap_err().to_string();
assert!(predicate(&err), "{}", err);
}
#[test]
fn fail_multiple_epsilon() {
let predicate = |err: &str| {
err.contains("multiple epsilon transitions to same state")
};
let err = DFA::new(r"(^|$)a").unwrap_err().to_string();
assert!(predicate(&err), "{}", err);
}
#[test]
fn fail_multiple_match() {
let predicate = |err: &str| {
err.contains("multiple epsilon transitions to match state")
};
let err = DFA::new_many(&[r"^", r"$"]).unwrap_err().to_string();
assert!(predicate(&err), "{}", err);
}
// This test is meant to build a one-pass regex with the maximum number of
// possible slots.
//
// NOTE: Remember that the slot limit only applies to explicit capturing
// groups. Any number of implicit capturing groups is supported (up to the
// maximum number of supported patterns), since implicit groups are handled
// by the search loop itself.
#[test]
fn max_slots() {
// One too many...
let pat = r"(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)(m)(n)(o)(p)(q)";
assert!(DFA::new(pat).is_err());
// Just right.
let pat = r"(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)(m)(n)(o)(p)";
assert!(DFA::new(pat).is_ok());
}
// This test ensures that the one-pass DFA works with all look-around
// assertions that we expect it to work with.
//
// The utility of this test is that each one-pass transition has a small
// amount of space to store look-around assertions. Currently, there is
// logic in the one-pass constructor to ensure there aren't more than ten
// possible assertions. And indeed, there are only ten possible assertions
// (at time of writing), so this is okay. But conceivably, more assertions
// could be added. So we check that things at least work with what we
// expect them to work with.
#[test]
fn assertions() {
// haystack anchors
assert!(DFA::new(r"^").is_ok());
assert!(DFA::new(r"$").is_ok());
// line anchors
assert!(DFA::new(r"(?m)^").is_ok());
assert!(DFA::new(r"(?m)$").is_ok());
assert!(DFA::new(r"(?Rm)^").is_ok());
assert!(DFA::new(r"(?Rm)$").is_ok());
// word boundaries
if cfg!(feature = "unicode-word-boundary") {
assert!(DFA::new(r"\b").is_ok());
assert!(DFA::new(r"\B").is_ok());
}
assert!(DFA::new(r"(?-u)\b").is_ok());
assert!(DFA::new(r"(?-u)\B").is_ok());
}
#[cfg(not(miri))] // takes too long on miri
#[test]
fn is_one_pass() {
use crate::util::syntax;
assert!(DFA::new(r"a*b").is_ok());
if cfg!(feature = "unicode-perl") {
assert!(DFA::new(r"\w").is_ok());
}
assert!(DFA::new(r"(?-u)\w*\s").is_ok());
assert!(DFA::new(r"(?s:.)*?").is_ok());
assert!(DFA::builder()
.syntax(syntax::Config::new().utf8(false))
.build(r"(?s-u:.)*?")
.is_ok());
}
#[test]
fn is_not_one_pass() {
assert!(DFA::new(r"a*a").is_err());
assert!(DFA::new(r"(?s-u:.)*?").is_err());
assert!(DFA::new(r"(?s:.)*?a").is_err());
}
#[cfg(not(miri))]
#[test]
fn is_not_one_pass_bigger() {
assert!(DFA::new(r"\w*\s").is_err());
}
}
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