:mod:`!calendar` --- General calendar-related functions
=======================================================
.. module:: calendar
:synopsis: Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation
of the Unix cal program.
.. sectionauthor:: Drew Csillag <[email protected]>
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/calendar.py`
--------------
This module allows you to output calendars like the Unix :program:`cal` program,
and provides additional useful functions related to the calendar. By default,
these calendars have Monday as the first day of the week, and Sunday as the last
(the European convention). Use :func:`setfirstweekday` to set the first day of
the week to Sunday (6) or to any other weekday. Parameters that specify dates
are given as integers. For related
functionality, see also the :mod:`datetime` and :mod:`time` modules.
The functions and classes defined in this module
use an idealized calendar, the current Gregorian calendar extended indefinitely
in both directions. This matches the definition of the "proleptic Gregorian"
calendar in Dershowitz and Reingold's book "Calendrical Calculations", where
it's the base calendar for all computations. Zero and negative years are
interpreted as prescribed by the ISO 8601 standard. Year 0 is 1 BC, year -1 is
2 BC, and so on.
.. class:: Calendar(firstweekday=0)
Creates a :class:`Calendar` object. *firstweekday* is an integer specifying the
first day of the week. :const:`MONDAY` is ``0`` (the default), :const:`SUNDAY` is ``6``.
A :class:`Calendar` object provides several methods that can be used for
preparing the calendar data for formatting. This class doesn't do any formatting
itself. This is the job of subclasses.
:class:`Calendar` instances have the following methods:
.. method:: iterweekdays()
Return an iterator for the week day numbers that will be used for one
week. The first value from the iterator will be the same as the value of
the :attr:`firstweekday` property.
.. method:: itermonthdates(year, month)
Return an iterator for the month *month* (1--12) in the year *year*. This
iterator will return all days (as :class:`datetime.date` objects) for the
month and all days before the start of the month or after the end of the
month that are required to get a complete week.
.. method:: itermonthdays(year, month)
Return an iterator for the month *month* in the year *year* similar to
:meth:`itermonthdates`, but not restricted by the :class:`datetime.date`
range. Days returned will simply be day of the month numbers. For the
days outside of the specified month, the day number is ``0``.
.. method:: itermonthdays2(year, month)
Return an iterator for the month *month* in the year *year* similar to
:meth:`itermonthdates`, but not restricted by the :class:`datetime.date`
range. Days returned will be tuples consisting of a day of the month
number and a week day number.
.. method:: itermonthdays3(year, month)
Return an iterator for the month *month* in the year *year* similar to
:meth:`itermonthdates`, but not restricted by the :class:`datetime.date`
range. Days returned will be tuples consisting of a year, a month and a day
of the month numbers.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. method:: itermonthdays4(year, month)
Return an iterator for the month *month* in the year *year* similar to
:meth:`itermonthdates`, but not restricted by the :class:`datetime.date`
range. Days returned will be tuples consisting of a year, a month, a day
of the month, and a day of the week numbers.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. method:: monthdatescalendar(year, month)
Return a list of the weeks in the month *month* of the *year* as full
weeks. Weeks are lists of seven :class:`datetime.date` objects.
.. method:: monthdays2calendar(year, month)
Return a list of the weeks in the month *month* of the *year* as full
weeks. Weeks are lists of seven tuples of day numbers and weekday
numbers.
.. method:: monthdayscalendar(year, month)
Return a list of the weeks in the month *month* of the *year* as full
weeks. Weeks are lists of seven day numbers.
.. method:: yeardatescalendar(year, width=3)
Return the data for the specified year ready for formatting. The return
value is a list of month rows. Each month row contains up to *width*
months (defaulting to 3). Each month contains between 4 and 6 weeks and
each week contains 1--7 days. Days are :class:`datetime.date` objects.
.. method:: yeardays2calendar(year, width=3)
Return the data for the specified year ready for formatting (similar to
:meth:`yeardatescalendar`). Entries in the week lists are tuples of day
numbers and weekday numbers. Day numbers outside this month are zero.
.. method:: yeardayscalendar(year, width=3)
Return the data for the specified year ready for formatting (similar to
:meth:`yeardatescalendar`). Entries in the week lists are day numbers. Day
numbers outside this month are zero.
.. class:: TextCalendar(firstweekday=0)
This class can be used to generate plain text calendars.
:class:`TextCalendar` instances have the following methods:
.. method:: formatmonth(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0)
Return a month's calendar in a multi-line string. If *w* is provided, it
specifies the width of the date columns, which are centered. If *l* is
given, it specifies the number of lines that each week will use. Depends
on the first weekday as specified in the constructor or set by the
:meth:`setfirstweekday` method.
.. method:: prmonth(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0)
Print a month's calendar as returned by :meth:`formatmonth`.
.. method:: formatyear(theyear, w=2, l=1, c=6, m=3)
Return a *m*-column calendar for an entire year as a multi-line string.
Optional parameters *w*, *l*, and *c* are for date column width, lines per
week, and number of spaces between month columns, respectively. Depends on
the first weekday as specified in the constructor or set by the
:meth:`setfirstweekday` method. The earliest year for which a calendar
can be generated is platform-dependent.
.. method:: pryear(theyear, w=2, l=1, c=6, m=3)
Print the calendar for an entire year as returned by :meth:`formatyear`.
.. class:: HTMLCalendar(firstweekday=0)
This class can be used to generate HTML calendars.
:class:`!HTMLCalendar` instances have the following methods:
.. method:: formatmonth(theyear, themonth, withyear=True)
Return a month's calendar as an HTML table. If *withyear* is true the year
will be included in the header, otherwise just the month name will be
used.
.. method:: formatyear(theyear, width=3)
Return a year's calendar as an HTML table. *width* (defaulting to 3)
specifies the number of months per row.
.. method:: formatyearpage(theyear, width=3, css='calendar.css', encoding=None)
Return a year's calendar as a complete HTML page. *width* (defaulting to
3) specifies the number of months per row. *css* is the name for the
cascading style sheet to be used. :const:`None` can be passed if no style
sheet should be used. *encoding* specifies the encoding to be used for the
output (defaulting to the system default encoding).
.. method:: formatmonthname(theyear, themonth, withyear=True)
Return a month name as an HTML table row. If *withyear* is true the year
will be included in the row, otherwise just the month name will be
used.
:class:`!HTMLCalendar` has the following attributes you can override to
customize the CSS classes used by the calendar:
.. attribute:: cssclasses
A list of CSS classes used for each weekday. The default class list is::
cssclasses = ["mon", "tue", "wed", "thu", "fri", "sat", "sun"]
more styles can be added for each day::
cssclasses = ["mon text-bold", "tue", "wed", "thu", "fri", "sat", "sun red"]
Note that the length of this list must be seven items.
.. attribute:: cssclass_noday
The CSS class for a weekday occurring in the previous or coming month.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. attribute:: cssclasses_weekday_head
A list of CSS classes used for weekday names in the header row.
The default is the same as :attr:`cssclasses`.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. attribute:: cssclass_month_head
The month's head CSS class (used by :meth:`formatmonthname`).
The default value is ``"month"``.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. attribute:: cssclass_month
The CSS class for the whole month's table (used by :meth:`formatmonth`).
The default value is ``"month"``.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. attribute:: cssclass_year
The CSS class for the whole year's table of tables (used by
:meth:`formatyear`). The default value is ``"year"``.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. attribute:: cssclass_year_head
The CSS class for the table head for the whole year (used by
:meth:`formatyear`). The default value is ``"year"``.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
Note that although the naming for the above described class attributes is
singular (e.g. ``cssclass_month`` ``cssclass_noday``), one can replace the
single CSS class with a space separated list of CSS classes, for example::
"text-bold text-red"
Here is an example how :class:`!HTMLCalendar` can be customized::
class CustomHTMLCal(calendar.HTMLCalendar):
cssclasses = [style + " text-nowrap" for style in
calendar.HTMLCalendar.cssclasses]
cssclass_month_head = "text-center month-head"
cssclass_month = "text-center month"
cssclass_year = "text-italic lead"
.. class:: LocaleTextCalendar(firstweekday=0, locale=None)
This subclass of :class:`TextCalendar` can be passed a locale name in the
constructor and will return month and weekday names in the specified locale.
.. class:: LocaleHTMLCalendar(firstweekday=0, locale=None)
This subclass of :class:`HTMLCalendar` can be passed a locale name in the
constructor and will return month and weekday names in the specified
locale.
.. note::
The constructor, :meth:`!formatweekday` and :meth:`!formatmonthname` methods
of these two classes temporarily change the ``LC_TIME`` locale to the given
*locale*. Because the current locale is a process-wide setting, they are
not thread-safe.
For simple text calendars this module provides the following functions.
.. function:: setfirstweekday(weekday)
Sets the weekday (``0`` is Monday, ``6`` is Sunday) to start each week. The
values :const:`MONDAY`, :const:`TUESDAY`, :const:`WEDNESDAY`, :const:`THURSDAY`,
:const:`FRIDAY`, :const:`SATURDAY`, and :const:`SUNDAY` are provided for
convenience. For example, to set the first weekday to Sunday::
import calendar
calendar.setfirstweekday(calendar.SUNDAY)
.. function:: firstweekday()
Returns the current setting for the weekday to start each week.
.. function:: isleap(year)
Returns :const:`True` if *year* is a leap year, otherwise :const:`False`.
.. function:: leapdays(y1, y2)
Returns the number of leap years in the range from *y1* to *y2* (exclusive),
where *y1* and *y2* are years.
This function works for ranges spanning a century change.
.. function:: weekday(year, month, day)
Returns the day of the week (``0`` is Monday) for *year* (``1970``--...),
*month* (``1``--``12``), *day* (``1``--``31``).
.. function:: weekheader(n)
Return a header containing abbreviated weekday names. *n* specifies the width in
characters for one weekday.
.. function:: monthrange(year, month)
Returns weekday of first day of the month and number of days in month, for the
specified *year* and *month*.
.. function:: monthcalendar(year, month)
Returns a matrix representing a month's calendar. Each row represents a week;
days outside of the month are represented by zeros. Each week begins with Monday
unless set by :func:`setfirstweekday`.
.. function:: prmonth(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0)
Prints a month's calendar as returned by :func:`month`.
.. function:: month(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0)
Returns a month's calendar in a multi-line string using the :meth:`~TextCalendar.formatmonth`
of the :class:`TextCalendar` class.
.. function:: prcal(year, w=0, l=0, c=6, m=3)
Prints the calendar for an entire year as returned by :func:`calendar`.
.. function:: calendar(year, w=2, l=1, c=6, m=3)
Returns a 3-column calendar for an entire year as a multi-line string using
the :meth:`~TextCalendar.formatyear` of the :class:`TextCalendar` class.
.. function:: timegm(tuple)
An unrelated but handy function that takes a time tuple such as returned by
the :func:`~time.gmtime` function in the :mod:`time` module, and returns the
corresponding Unix timestamp value, assuming an epoch of 1970, and the POSIX
encoding. In fact, :func:`time.gmtime` and :func:`timegm` are each others'
inverse.
The :mod:`calendar` module exports the following data attributes:
.. data:: day_name
An array that represents the days of the week in the current locale.
.. data:: day_abbr
An array that represents the abbreviated days of the week in the current locale.
.. data:: MONDAY
TUESDAY
WEDNESDAY
THURSDAY
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
SUNDAY
Aliases for the days of the week,
where ``MONDAY`` is ``0`` and ``SUNDAY`` is ``6``.
.. versionadded:: 3.12
.. class:: Day
Enumeration defining days of the week as integer constants.
The members of this enumeration are exported to the module scope as
:data:`MONDAY` through :data:`SUNDAY`.
.. versionadded:: 3.12
.. data:: month_name
An array that represents the months of the year in the current locale. This
follows normal convention of January being month number 1, so it has a length of
13 and ``month_name[0]`` is the empty string.
.. data:: month_abbr
An array that represents the abbreviated months of the year in the current
locale. This follows normal convention of January being month number 1, so it
has a length of 13 and ``month_abbr[0]`` is the empty string.
.. data:: JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
Aliases for the months of the year,
where ``JANUARY`` is ``1`` and ``DECEMBER`` is ``12``.
.. versionadded:: 3.12
.. class:: Month
Enumeration defining months of the year as integer constants.
The members of this enumeration are exported to the module scope as
:data:`JANUARY` through :data:`DECEMBER`.
.. versionadded:: 3.12
The :mod:`calendar` module defines the following exceptions:
.. exception:: IllegalMonthError(month)
A subclass of :exc:`ValueError`,
raised when the given month number is outside of the range 1-12 (inclusive).
.. attribute:: month
The invalid month number.
.. exception:: IllegalWeekdayError(weekday)
A subclass of :exc:`ValueError`,
raised when the given weekday number is outside of the range 0-6 (inclusive).
.. attribute:: weekday
The invalid weekday number.
.. seealso::
Module :mod:`datetime`
Object-oriented interface to dates and times with similar functionality to the
:mod:`time` module.
Module :mod:`time`
Low-level time related functions.
.. _calendar-cli:
Command-Line Usage
------------------
.. versionadded:: 2.5
The :mod:`calendar` module can be executed as a script from the command line
to interactively print a calendar.
.. code-block:: shell
python -m calendar [-h] [-L LOCALE] [-e ENCODING] [-t {text,html}]
[-w WIDTH] [-l LINES] [-s SPACING] [-m MONTHS] [-c CSS]
[-f FIRST_WEEKDAY] [year] [month]
For example, to print a calendar for the year 2000:
.. code-block:: console
$ python -m calendar 2000
2000
January February March
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 27 28 29 30 31
31
April May June
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30
July August September
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
October November December
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
30 31
The following options are accepted:
.. program:: calendar
.. option:: --help, -h
Show the help message and exit.
.. option:: --locale LOCALE, -L LOCALE
The locale to use for month and weekday names.
Defaults to English.
.. option:: --encoding ENCODING, -e ENCODING
The encoding to use for output.
:option:`--encoding` is required if :option:`--locale` is set.
.. option:: --type {text,html}, -t {text,html}
Print the calendar to the terminal as text,
or as an HTML document.
.. option:: --first-weekday FIRST_WEEKDAY, -f FIRST_WEEKDAY
The weekday to start each week.
Must be a number between 0 (Monday) and 6 (Sunday).
Defaults to 0.
.. versionadded:: 3.13
.. option:: year
The year to print the calendar for.
Defaults to the current year.
.. option:: month
The month of the specified :option:`year` to print the calendar for.
Must be a number between 1 and 12,
and may only be used in text mode.
Defaults to printing a calendar for the full year.
*Text-mode options:*
.. option:: --width WIDTH, -w WIDTH
The width of the date column in terminal columns.
The date is printed centred in the column.
Any value lower than 2 is ignored.
Defaults to 2.
.. option:: --lines LINES, -l LINES
The number of lines for each week in terminal rows.
The date is printed top-aligned.
Any value lower than 1 is ignored.
Defaults to 1.
.. option:: --spacing SPACING, -s SPACING
The space between months in columns.
Any value lower than 2 is ignored.
Defaults to 6.
.. option:: --months MONTHS, -m MONTHS
The number of months printed per row.
Defaults to 3.
*HTML-mode options:*
.. option:: --css CSS, -c CSS
The path of a CSS stylesheet to use for the calendar.
This must either be relative to the generated HTML,
or an absolute HTTP or ``file:///`` URL.
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