:mod:`!time` --- Time access and conversions
============================================
.. module:: time
:synopsis: Time access and conversions.
--------------
This module provides various time-related functions. For related
functionality, see also the :mod:`datetime` and :mod:`calendar` modules.
Although this module is always available,
not all functions are available on all platforms. Most of the functions
defined in this module call platform C library functions with the same name. It
may sometimes be helpful to consult the platform documentation, because the
semantics of these functions varies among platforms.
An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order.
.. _epoch:
.. index:: single: epoch
* The :dfn:`epoch` is the point where the time starts, the return value of
``time.gmtime(0)``. It is January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 (UTC) on all platforms.
.. _leap seconds: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_second
.. index:: seconds since the epoch
* The term :dfn:`seconds since the epoch` refers to the total number
of elapsed seconds since the epoch, typically excluding
`leap seconds`_. Leap seconds are excluded from this total on all
POSIX-compliant platforms.
.. index:: single: Year 2038
* The functions in this module may not handle dates and times before the epoch_ or
far in the future. The cut-off point in the future is determined by the C
library; for 32-bit systems, it is typically in 2038.
.. index::
single: 2-digit years
* Function :func:`strptime` can parse 2-digit years when given ``%y`` format
code. When 2-digit years are parsed, they are converted according to the POSIX
and ISO C standards: values 69--99 are mapped to 1969--1999, and values 0--68
are mapped to 2000--2068.
.. index::
single: UTC
single: Coordinated Universal Time
single: Greenwich Mean Time
* UTC is Coordinated Universal Time (formerly known as Greenwich Mean Time, or
GMT). The acronym UTC is not a mistake but a compromise between English and
French.
.. index:: single: Daylight Saving Time
* DST is Daylight Saving Time, an adjustment of the timezone by (usually) one
hour during part of the year. DST rules are magic (determined by local law) and
can change from year to year. The C library has a table containing the local
rules (often it is read from a system file for flexibility) and is the only
source of True Wisdom in this respect.
* The precision of the various real-time functions may be less than suggested by
the units in which their value or argument is expressed. E.g. on most Unix
systems, the clock "ticks" only 50 or 100 times a second.
* On the other hand, the precision of :func:`.time` and :func:`sleep` is better
than their Unix equivalents: times are expressed as floating-point numbers,
:func:`.time` returns the most accurate time available (using Unix
:c:func:`!gettimeofday` where available), and :func:`sleep` will accept a time
with a nonzero fraction (Unix :c:func:`!select` is used to implement this, where
available).
* The time value as returned by :func:`gmtime`, :func:`localtime`, and
:func:`strptime`, and accepted by :func:`asctime`, :func:`mktime` and
:func:`strftime`, is a sequence of 9 integers. The return values of
:func:`gmtime`, :func:`localtime`, and :func:`strptime` also offer attribute
names for individual fields.
See :class:`struct_time` for a description of these objects.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
The :class:`struct_time` type was extended to provide
the :attr:`~struct_time.tm_gmtoff` and :attr:`~struct_time.tm_zone`
attributes when platform supports corresponding
``struct tm`` members.
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
The :class:`struct_time` attributes
:attr:`~struct_time.tm_gmtoff` and :attr:`~struct_time.tm_zone`
are now available on all platforms.
* Use the following functions to convert between time representations:
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| From | To | Use |
+=========================+=========================+=========================+
| seconds since the epoch | :class:`struct_time` in | :func:`gmtime` |
| | UTC | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| seconds since the epoch | :class:`struct_time` in | :func:`localtime` |
| | local time | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| :class:`struct_time` in | seconds since the epoch | :func:`calendar.timegm` |
| UTC | | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| :class:`struct_time` in | seconds since the epoch | :func:`mktime` |
| local time | | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
.. _time-functions:
Functions
---------
.. function:: asctime([t])
Convert a tuple or :class:`struct_time` representing a time as returned by
:func:`gmtime` or :func:`localtime` to a string of the following
form: ``'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'``. The day field is two characters long
and is space padded if the day is a single digit,
e.g.: ``'Wed Jun 9 04:26:40 1993'``.
If *t* is not provided, the current time as returned by :func:`localtime`
is used. Locale information is not used by :func:`asctime`.
.. note::
Unlike the C function of the same name, :func:`asctime` does not add a
trailing newline.
.. function:: pthread_getcpuclockid(thread_id)
Return the *clk_id* of the thread-specific CPU-time clock for the specified *thread_id*.
Use :func:`threading.get_ident` or the :attr:`~threading.Thread.ident`
attribute of :class:`threading.Thread` objects to get a suitable value
for *thread_id*.
.. warning::
Passing an invalid or expired *thread_id* may result in
undefined behavior, such as segmentation fault.
.. availability:: Unix
See the man page for :manpage:`pthread_getcpuclockid(3)` for
further information.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: clock_getres(clk_id)
Return the resolution (precision) of the specified clock *clk_id*. Refer to
:ref:`time-clock-id-constants` for a list of accepted values for *clk_id*.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: clock_gettime(clk_id) -> float
Return the time of the specified clock *clk_id*. Refer to
:ref:`time-clock-id-constants` for a list of accepted values for *clk_id*.
Use :func:`clock_gettime_ns` to avoid the precision loss caused by the
:class:`float` type.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: clock_gettime_ns(clk_id) -> int
Similar to :func:`clock_gettime` but return time as nanoseconds.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: clock_settime(clk_id, time: float)
Set the time of the specified clock *clk_id*. Currently,
:data:`CLOCK_REALTIME` is the only accepted value for *clk_id*.
Use :func:`clock_settime_ns` to avoid the precision loss caused by the
:class:`float` type.
.. availability:: Unix, not Android, not iOS.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: clock_settime_ns(clk_id, time: int)
Similar to :func:`clock_settime` but set time with nanoseconds.
.. availability:: Unix, not Android, not iOS.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: ctime([secs])
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch_ to a string of a form:
``'Sun Jun 20 23:21:05 1993'`` representing local time. The day field
is two characters long and is space padded if the day is a single digit,
e.g.: ``'Wed Jun 9 04:26:40 1993'``.
If *secs* is not provided or :const:`None`, the current time as
returned by :func:`.time` is used. ``ctime(secs)`` is equivalent to
``asctime(localtime(secs))``. Locale information is not used by
:func:`ctime`.
.. function:: get_clock_info(name)
Get information on the specified clock as a namespace object.
Supported clock names and the corresponding functions to read their value
are:
* ``'monotonic'``: :func:`time.monotonic`
* ``'perf_counter'``: :func:`time.perf_counter`
* ``'process_time'``: :func:`time.process_time`
* ``'thread_time'``: :func:`time.thread_time`
* ``'time'``: :func:`time.time`
The result has the following attributes:
- *adjustable*: ``True`` if the clock can be changed automatically (e.g. by
a NTP daemon) or manually by the system administrator, ``False`` otherwise
- *implementation*: The name of the underlying C function used to get
the clock value. Refer to :ref:`time-clock-id-constants` for possible values.
- *monotonic*: ``True`` if the clock cannot go backward,
``False`` otherwise
- *resolution*: The resolution of the clock in seconds (:class:`float`)
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: gmtime([secs])
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch_ to a :class:`struct_time` in
UTC in which the dst flag is always zero. If *secs* is not provided or
:const:`None`, the current time as returned by :func:`.time` is used. Fractions
of a second are ignored. See above for a description of the
:class:`struct_time` object. See :func:`calendar.timegm` for the inverse of this
function.
.. function:: localtime([secs])
Like :func:`gmtime` but converts to local time. If *secs* is not provided or
:const:`None`, the current time as returned by :func:`.time` is used. The dst
flag is set to ``1`` when DST applies to the given time.
:func:`localtime` may raise :exc:`OverflowError`, if the timestamp is
outside the range of values supported by the platform C :c:func:`localtime`
or :c:func:`gmtime` functions, and :exc:`OSError` on :c:func:`localtime` or
:c:func:`gmtime` failure. It's common for this to be restricted to years
between 1970 and 2038.
.. function:: mktime(t)
This is the inverse function of :func:`localtime`. Its argument is the
:class:`struct_time` or full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is needed; use ``-1``
as the dst flag if it is unknown) which expresses the time in *local* time, not
UTC. It returns a floating-point number, for compatibility with :func:`.time`.
If the input value cannot be represented as a valid time, either
:exc:`OverflowError` or :exc:`ValueError` will be raised (which depends on
whether the invalid value is caught by Python or the underlying C libraries).
The earliest date for which it can generate a time is platform-dependent.
.. function:: monotonic() -> float
Return the value (in fractional seconds) of a monotonic clock, i.e. a clock
that cannot go backwards. The clock is not affected by system clock updates.
The reference point of the returned value is undefined, so that only the
difference between the results of two calls is valid.
Clock:
* On Windows, call ``QueryPerformanceCounter()`` and
``QueryPerformanceFrequency()``.
* On macOS, call ``mach_absolute_time()`` and ``mach_timebase_info()``.
* On HP-UX, call ``gethrtime()``.
* Call ``clock_gettime(CLOCK_HIGHRES)`` if available.
* Otherwise, call ``clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)``.
Use :func:`monotonic_ns` to avoid the precision loss caused by the
:class:`float` type.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
The function is now always available and always system-wide.
.. versionchanged:: 3.10
On macOS, the function is now system-wide.
.. function:: monotonic_ns() -> int
Similar to :func:`monotonic`, but return time as nanoseconds.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: perf_counter() -> float
.. index::
single: benchmarking
Return the value (in fractional seconds) of a performance counter, i.e. a
clock with the highest available resolution to measure a short duration. It
does include time elapsed during sleep and is system-wide. The reference
point of the returned value is undefined, so that only the difference between
the results of two calls is valid.
.. impl-detail::
On CPython, use the same clock as :func:`time.monotonic` and is a
monotonic clock, i.e. a clock that cannot go backwards.
Use :func:`perf_counter_ns` to avoid the precision loss caused by the
:class:`float` type.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. versionchanged:: 3.10
On Windows, the function is now system-wide.
.. versionchanged:: 3.13
Use the same clock as :func:`time.monotonic`.
.. function:: perf_counter_ns() -> int
Similar to :func:`perf_counter`, but return time as nanoseconds.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: process_time() -> float
.. index::
single: CPU time
single: processor time
single: benchmarking
Return the value (in fractional seconds) of the sum of the system and user
CPU time of the current process. It does not include time elapsed during
sleep. It is process-wide by definition. The reference point of the
returned value is undefined, so that only the difference between the results
of two calls is valid.
Use :func:`process_time_ns` to avoid the precision loss caused by the
:class:`float` type.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. function:: process_time_ns() -> int
Similar to :func:`process_time` but return time as nanoseconds.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: sleep(secs)
Suspend execution of the calling thread for the given number of seconds.
The argument may be a floating-point number to indicate a more precise sleep
time.
If the sleep is interrupted by a signal and no exception is raised by the
signal handler, the sleep is restarted with a recomputed timeout.
The suspension time may be longer than requested by an arbitrary amount,
because of the scheduling of other activity in the system.
On Windows, if *secs* is zero, the thread relinquishes the remainder of its
time slice to any other thread that is ready to run. If there are no other
threads ready to run, the function returns immediately, and the thread
continues execution. On Windows 8.1 and newer the implementation uses
a `high-resolution timer
<https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/kernel/high-resolution-timers>`_
which provides resolution of 100 nanoseconds. If *secs* is zero, ``Sleep(0)`` is used.
Unix implementation:
* Use ``clock_nanosleep()`` if available (resolution: 1 nanosecond);
* Or use ``nanosleep()`` if available (resolution: 1 nanosecond);
* Or use ``select()`` (resolution: 1 microsecond).
.. audit-event:: time.sleep secs
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
The function now sleeps at least *secs* even if the sleep is interrupted
by a signal, except if the signal handler raises an exception (see
:pep:`475` for the rationale).
.. versionchanged:: 3.11
On Unix, the ``clock_nanosleep()`` and ``nanosleep()`` functions are now
used if available. On Windows, a waitable timer is now used.
.. versionchanged:: 3.13
Raises an auditing event.
.. index::
single: % (percent); datetime format
.. function:: strftime(format[, t])
Convert a tuple or :class:`struct_time` representing a time as returned by
:func:`gmtime` or :func:`localtime` to a string as specified by the *format*
argument. If *t* is not provided, the current time as returned by
:func:`localtime` is used. *format* must be a string. :exc:`ValueError` is
raised if any field in *t* is outside of the allowed range.
0 is a legal argument for any position in the time tuple; if it is normally
illegal the value is forced to a correct one.
The following directives can be embedded in the *format* string. They are shown
without the optional field width and precision specification, and are replaced
by the indicated characters in the :func:`strftime` result:
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| Directive | Meaning | Notes |
+===========+================================================+=======+
| ``%a`` | Locale's abbreviated weekday name. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%A`` | Locale's full weekday name. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%b`` | Locale's abbreviated month name. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%B`` | Locale's full month name. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%c`` | Locale's appropriate date and time | |
| | representation. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%d`` | Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%f`` | Microseconds as a decimal number | \(1) |
| | [000000,999999]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%H`` | Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number | |
| | [00,23]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%I`` | Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number | |
| | [01,12]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%j`` | Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%m`` | Month as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%M`` | Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%p`` | Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM. | \(2) |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%S`` | Second as a decimal number [00,61]. | \(3) |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%U`` | Week number of the year (Sunday as the first | \(4) |
| | day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. | |
| | All days in a new year preceding the first | |
| | Sunday are considered to be in week 0. | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%u`` | Day of the week (Monday is 1; Sunday is 7) | |
| | as a decimal number [1, 7]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%w`` | Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%W`` | Week number of the year (Monday as the first | \(4) |
| | day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. | |
| | All days in a new year preceding the first | |
| | Monday are considered to be in week 0. | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%x`` | Locale's appropriate date representation. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%X`` | Locale's appropriate time representation. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%y`` | Year without century as a decimal number | |
| | [00,99]. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%Y`` | Year with century as a decimal number. | |
| | | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%z`` | Time zone offset indicating a positive or | |
| | negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the | |
| | form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal| |
| | hour digits and M represents decimal minute | |
| | digits [-23:59, +23:59]. [1]_ | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%Z`` | Time zone name (no characters if no time zone | |
| | exists). Deprecated. [1]_ | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%G`` | ISO 8601 year (similar to ``%Y`` but follows | |
| | the rules for the ISO 8601 calendar year). | |
| | The year starts with the week that contains | |
| | the first Thursday of the calendar year. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%V`` | ISO 8601 week number (as a decimal number | |
| | [01,53]). The first week of the year is the | |
| | one that contains the first Thursday of the | |
| | year. Weeks start on Monday. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
| ``%%`` | A literal ``'%'`` character. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------------+-------+
Notes:
(1)
The ``%f`` format directive only applies to :func:`strptime`,
not to :func:`strftime`. However, see also :meth:`datetime.datetime.strptime` and
:meth:`datetime.datetime.strftime` where the ``%f`` format directive
:ref:`applies to microseconds <format-codes>`.
(2)
When used with the :func:`strptime` function, the ``%p`` directive only affects
the output hour field if the ``%I`` directive is used to parse the hour.
.. _leap-second:
(3)
The range really is ``0`` to ``61``; value ``60`` is valid in
timestamps representing `leap seconds`_ and value ``61`` is supported
for historical reasons.
(4)
When used with the :func:`strptime` function, ``%U`` and ``%W`` are only used in
calculations when the day of the week and the year are specified.
Here is an example, a format for dates compatible with that specified in the
:rfc:`2822` Internet email standard. [1]_ ::
>>> from time import gmtime, strftime
>>> strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S +0000", gmtime())
'Thu, 28 Jun 2001 14:17:15 +0000'
Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but only the
ones listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C. To see the full set
of format codes supported on your platform, consult the :manpage:`strftime(3)`
documentation.
On some platforms, an optional field width and precision specification can
immediately follow the initial ``'%'`` of a directive in the following order;
this is also not portable. The field width is normally 2 except for ``%j`` where
it is 3.
.. index::
single: % (percent); datetime format
.. function:: strptime(string[, format])
Parse a string representing a time according to a format. The return value
is a :class:`struct_time` as returned by :func:`gmtime` or
:func:`localtime`.
The *format* parameter uses the same directives as those used by
:func:`strftime`; it defaults to ``"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"`` which matches the
formatting returned by :func:`ctime`. If *string* cannot be parsed according
to *format*, or if it has excess data after parsing, :exc:`ValueError` is
raised. The default values used to fill in any missing data when more
accurate values cannot be inferred are ``(1900, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1)``.
Both *string* and *format* must be strings.
For example:
>>> import time
>>> time.strptime("30 Nov 00", "%d %b %y") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
time.struct_time(tm_year=2000, tm_mon=11, tm_mday=30, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0,
tm_sec=0, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=335, tm_isdst=-1)
Support for the ``%Z`` directive is based on the values contained in ``tzname``
and whether ``daylight`` is true. Because of this, it is platform-specific
except for recognizing UTC and GMT which are always known (and are considered to
be non-daylight savings timezones).
Only the directives specified in the documentation are supported. Because
``strftime()`` is implemented per platform it can sometimes offer more
directives than those listed. But ``strptime()`` is independent of any platform
and thus does not necessarily support all directives available that are not
documented as supported.
.. class:: struct_time
The type of the time value sequence returned by :func:`gmtime`,
:func:`localtime`, and :func:`strptime`. It is an object with a :term:`named
tuple` interface: values can be accessed by index and by attribute name. The
following values are present:
.. list-table::
* - Index
- Attribute
- Values
* - 0
- .. attribute:: tm_year
- (for example, 1993)
* - 1
- .. attribute:: tm_mon
- range [1, 12]
* - 2
- .. attribute:: tm_mday
- range [1, 31]
* - 3
- .. attribute:: tm_hour
- range [0, 23]
* - 4
- .. attribute:: tm_min
- range [0, 59]
* - 5
- .. attribute:: tm_sec
- range [0, 61]; see :ref:`Note (2) <leap-second>` in :func:`strftime`
* - 6
- .. attribute:: tm_wday
- range [0, 6]; Monday is 0
* - 7
- .. attribute:: tm_yday
- range [1, 366]
* - 8
- .. attribute:: tm_isdst
- 0, 1 or -1; see below
* - N/A
- .. attribute:: tm_zone
- abbreviation of timezone name
* - N/A
- .. attribute:: tm_gmtoff
- offset east of UTC in seconds
Note that unlike the C structure, the month value is a range of [1, 12], not
[0, 11].
In calls to :func:`mktime`, :attr:`tm_isdst` may be set to 1 when daylight
savings time is in effect, and 0 when it is not. A value of -1 indicates that
this is not known, and will usually result in the correct state being filled in.
When a tuple with an incorrect length is passed to a function expecting a
:class:`struct_time`, or having elements of the wrong type, a
:exc:`TypeError` is raised.
.. function:: time() -> float
Return the time in seconds since the epoch_ as a floating-point
number. The handling of `leap seconds`_ is platform dependent.
On Windows and most Unix systems, the leap seconds are not counted towards
the time in seconds since the epoch_. This is commonly referred to as `Unix
time <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time>`_.
Note that even though the time is always returned as a floating-point
number, not all systems provide time with a better precision than 1 second.
While this function normally returns non-decreasing values, it can return a
lower value than a previous call if the system clock has been set back
between the two calls.
The number returned by :func:`.time` may be converted into a more common
time format (i.e. year, month, day, hour, etc...) in UTC by passing it to
:func:`gmtime` function or in local time by passing it to the
:func:`localtime` function. In both cases a
:class:`struct_time` object is returned, from which the components
of the calendar date may be accessed as attributes.
Clock:
* On Windows, call ``GetSystemTimeAsFileTime()``.
* Call ``clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME)`` if available.
* Otherwise, call ``gettimeofday()``.
Use :func:`time_ns` to avoid the precision loss caused by the :class:`float`
type.
.. function:: time_ns() -> int
Similar to :func:`~time.time` but returns time as an integer number of
nanoseconds since the epoch_.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: thread_time() -> float
.. index::
single: CPU time
single: processor time
single: benchmarking
Return the value (in fractional seconds) of the sum of the system and user
CPU time of the current thread. It does not include time elapsed during
sleep. It is thread-specific by definition. The reference point of the
returned value is undefined, so that only the difference between the results
of two calls in the same thread is valid.
Use :func:`thread_time_ns` to avoid the precision loss caused by the
:class:`float` type.
.. availability:: Linux, Unix, Windows.
Unix systems supporting ``CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID``.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: thread_time_ns() -> int
Similar to :func:`thread_time` but return time as nanoseconds.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. function:: tzset()
Reset the time conversion rules used by the library routines. The environment
variable :envvar:`TZ` specifies how this is done. It will also set the variables
``tzname`` (from the :envvar:`TZ` environment variable), ``timezone`` (non-DST
seconds West of UTC), ``altzone`` (DST seconds west of UTC) and ``daylight``
(to 0 if this timezone does not have any daylight saving time rules, or to
nonzero if there is a time, past, present or future when daylight saving time
applies).
.. availability:: Unix.
.. note::
Although in many cases, changing the :envvar:`TZ` environment variable may
affect the output of functions like :func:`localtime` without calling
:func:`tzset`, this behavior should not be relied on.
The :envvar:`TZ` environment variable should contain no whitespace.
The standard format of the :envvar:`TZ` environment variable is (whitespace
added for clarity)::
std offset [dst [offset [,start[/time], end[/time]]]]
Where the components are:
``std`` and ``dst``
Three or more alphanumerics giving the timezone abbreviations. These will be
propagated into time.tzname
``offset``
The offset has the form: ``± hh[:mm[:ss]]``. This indicates the value
added the local time to arrive at UTC. If preceded by a '-', the timezone
is east of the Prime Meridian; otherwise, it is west. If no offset follows
dst, summer time is assumed to be one hour ahead of standard time.
``start[/time], end[/time]``
Indicates when to change to and back from DST. The format of the
start and end dates are one of the following:
:samp:`J{n}`
The Julian day *n* (1 <= *n* <= 365). Leap days are not counted, so in
all years February 28 is day 59 and March 1 is day 60.
:samp:`{n}`
The zero-based Julian day (0 <= *n* <= 365). Leap days are counted, and
it is possible to refer to February 29.
:samp:`M{m}.{n}.{d}`
The *d*'th day (0 <= *d* <= 6) of week *n* of month *m* of the year (1
<= *n* <= 5, 1 <= *m* <= 12, where week 5 means "the last *d* day in
month *m*" which may occur in either the fourth or the fifth
week). Week 1 is the first week in which the *d*'th day occurs. Day
zero is a Sunday.
``time`` has the same format as ``offset`` except that no leading sign
('-' or '+') is allowed. The default, if time is not given, is 02:00:00.
::
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'EST+05EDT,M4.1.0,M10.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'02:07:36 05/08/03 EDT'
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'AEST-10AEDT-11,M10.5.0,M3.5.0'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.strftime('%X %x %Z')
'16:08:12 05/08/03 AEST'
On many Unix systems (including \*BSD, Linux, Solaris, and Darwin), it is more
convenient to use the system's zoneinfo (:manpage:`tzfile(5)`) database to
specify the timezone rules. To do this, set the :envvar:`TZ` environment
variable to the path of the required timezone datafile, relative to the root of
the systems 'zoneinfo' timezone database, usually located at
:file:`/usr/share/zoneinfo`. For example, ``'US/Eastern'``,
``'Australia/Melbourne'``, ``'Egypt'`` or ``'Europe/Amsterdam'``. ::
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'US/Eastern'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EST', 'EDT')
>>> os.environ['TZ'] = 'Egypt'
>>> time.tzset()
>>> time.tzname
('EET', 'EEST')
.. _time-clock-id-constants:
Clock ID Constants
------------------
These constants are used as parameters for :func:`clock_getres` and
:func:`clock_gettime`.
.. data:: CLOCK_BOOTTIME
Identical to :data:`CLOCK_MONOTONIC`, except it also includes any time that
the system is suspended.
This allows applications to get a suspend-aware monotonic clock without
having to deal with the complications of :data:`CLOCK_REALTIME`, which may
have discontinuities if the time is changed using ``settimeofday()`` or
similar.
.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.39.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. data:: CLOCK_HIGHRES
The Solaris OS has a ``CLOCK_HIGHRES`` timer that attempts to use an optimal
hardware source, and may give close to nanosecond resolution.
``CLOCK_HIGHRES`` is the nonadjustable, high-resolution clock.
.. availability:: Solaris.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_MONOTONIC
Clock that cannot be set and represents monotonic time since some unspecified
starting point.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
Similar to :data:`CLOCK_MONOTONIC`, but provides access to a raw
hardware-based time that is not subject to NTP adjustments.
.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.28, macOS >= 10.12.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX
Similar to :data:`CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW`, but reads a value cached by
the system at context switch and hence has less accuracy.
.. availability:: macOS >= 10.12.
.. versionadded:: 3.13
.. data:: CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
High-resolution per-process timer from the CPU.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_PROF
High-resolution per-process timer from the CPU.
.. availability:: FreeBSD, NetBSD >= 7, OpenBSD.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. data:: CLOCK_TAI
`International Atomic Time <https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/nist-time-frequently-asked-questions-faq#tai>`_
The system must have a current leap second table in order for this to give
the correct answer. PTP or NTP software can maintain a leap second table.
.. availability:: Linux.
.. versionadded:: 3.9
.. data:: CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
Thread-specific CPU-time clock.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. data:: CLOCK_UPTIME
Time whose absolute value is the time the system has been running and not
suspended, providing accurate uptime measurement, both absolute and
interval.
.. availability:: FreeBSD, OpenBSD >= 5.5.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. data:: CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW
Clock that increments monotonically, tracking the time since an arbitrary
point, unaffected by frequency or time adjustments and not incremented while
the system is asleep.
.. availability:: macOS >= 10.12.
.. versionadded:: 3.8
.. data:: CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX
Like :data:`CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW`, but the value is cached by the system
at context switches and therefore has less accuracy.
.. availability:: macOS >= 10.12.
.. versionadded:: 3.13
The following constant is the only parameter that can be sent to
:func:`clock_settime`.
.. data:: CLOCK_REALTIME
System-wide real-time clock. Setting this clock requires appropriate
privileges.
.. availability:: Unix.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. _time-timezone-constants:
Timezone Constants
-------------------
.. data:: altzone
The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of UTC, if one is defined.
This is negative if the local DST timezone is east of UTC (as in Western Europe,
including the UK). Only use this if ``daylight`` is nonzero. See note below.
.. data:: daylight
Nonzero if a DST timezone is defined. See note below.
.. data:: timezone
The offset of the local (non-DST) timezone, in seconds west of UTC (negative in
most of Western Europe, positive in the US, zero in the UK). See note below.
.. data:: tzname
A tuple of two strings: the first is the name of the local non-DST timezone, the
second is the name of the local DST timezone. If no DST timezone is defined,
the second string should not be used. See note below.
.. note::
For the above Timezone constants (:data:`altzone`, :data:`daylight`, :data:`timezone`,
and :data:`tzname`), the value is determined by the timezone rules in effect
at module load time or the last time :func:`tzset` is called and may be incorrect
for times in the past. It is recommended to use the :attr:`~struct_time.tm_gmtoff` and
:attr:`~struct_time.tm_zone` results from :func:`localtime` to obtain timezone information.
.. seealso::
Module :mod:`datetime`
More object-oriented interface to dates and times.
Module :mod:`locale`
Internationalization services. The locale setting affects the interpretation
of many format specifiers in :func:`strftime` and :func:`strptime`.
Module :mod:`calendar`
General calendar-related functions. :func:`~calendar.timegm` is the
inverse of :func:`gmtime` from this module.
.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [1] The use of ``%Z`` is now deprecated, but the ``%z`` escape that expands to the
preferred hour/minute offset is not supported by all ANSI C libraries. Also, a
strict reading of the original 1982 :rfc:`822` standard calls for a two-digit
year (``%y`` rather than ``%Y``), but practice moved to 4-digit years long before the
year 2000. After that, :rfc:`822` became obsolete and the 4-digit year has
been first recommended by :rfc:`1123` and then mandated by :rfc:`2822`.
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