LibTooling.rst | Explore in Territory

==========
LibTooling
==========

LibTooling is a library to support writing standalone tools based on Clang.
This document will provide a basic walkthrough of how to write a tool using
LibTooling.

For the information on how to setup Clang Tooling for LLVM see
:doc:`HowToSetupToolingForLLVM`

Introduction
------------

Tools built with LibTooling, like Clang Plugins, run ``FrontendActions`` over
code.

..  See FIXME for a tutorial on how to write FrontendActions.

In this tutorial, we'll demonstrate the different ways of running Clang's
``SyntaxOnlyAction``, which runs a quick syntax check, over a bunch of code.

Parsing a code snippet in memory
--------------------------------

If you ever wanted to run a ``FrontendAction`` over some sample code, for
example to unit test parts of the Clang AST, ``runToolOnCode`` is what you
looked for.  Let me give you an example:

.. code-block:: c++

  #include "clang/Tooling/Tooling.h"

  TEST(runToolOnCode, CanSyntaxCheckCode) {
    // runToolOnCode returns whether the action was correctly run over the
    // given code.
    EXPECT_TRUE(runToolOnCode(std::make_unique<clang::SyntaxOnlyAction>(), "class X {};"));
  }

Writing a standalone tool
-------------------------

Once you unit tested your ``FrontendAction`` to the point where it cannot
possibly break, it's time to create a standalone tool.  For a standalone tool
to run clang, it first needs to figure out what command line arguments to use
for a specified file.  To that end we create a ``CompilationDatabase``.  There
are different ways to create a compilation database, and we need to support all
of them depending on command-line options.  There's the ``CommonOptionsParser``
class that takes the responsibility to parse command-line parameters related to
compilation databases and inputs, so that all tools share the implementation.

Parsing common tools options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

``CompilationDatabase`` can be read from a build directory or the command line.
Using ``CommonOptionsParser`` allows for explicit specification of a compile
command line, specification of build path using the ``-p`` command-line option,
and automatic location of the compilation database using source files paths.

.. code-block:: c++

  #include "clang/Tooling/CommonOptionsParser.h"
  #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"

  using namespace clang::tooling;
  using namespace llvm;

  // Apply a custom category to all command-line options so that they are the
  // only ones displayed.
  static cl::OptionCategory MyToolCategory("my-tool options");

  int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
    // CommonOptionsParser::create will parse arguments and create a
    // CompilationDatabase.
    auto ExpectedParser = CommonOptionsParser::create(argc, argv, MyToolCategory);
    if (!ExpectedParser) {
      // Fail gracefully for unsupported options.
      llvm::errs() << ExpectedParser.takeError();
      return 1;
    }
    CommonOptionsParser& OptionsParser = ExpectedParser.get();

    // Use OptionsParser.getCompilations() and OptionsParser.getSourcePathList()
    // to retrieve CompilationDatabase and the list of input file paths.
  }

Creating and running a ClangTool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Once we have a ``CompilationDatabase``, we can create a ``ClangTool`` and run
our ``FrontendAction`` over some code.  For example, to run the
``SyntaxOnlyAction`` over the files "a.cc" and "b.cc" one would write:

.. code-block:: c++

  // A clang tool can run over a number of sources in the same process...
  std::vector<std::string> Sources;
  Sources.push_back("a.cc");
  Sources.push_back("b.cc");

  // We hand the CompilationDatabase we created and the sources to run over into
  // the tool constructor.
  ClangTool Tool(OptionsParser.getCompilations(), Sources);

  // The ClangTool needs a new FrontendAction for each translation unit we run
  // on.  Thus, it takes a FrontendActionFactory as parameter.  To create a
  // FrontendActionFactory from a given FrontendAction type, we call
  // newFrontendActionFactory<clang::SyntaxOnlyAction>().
  int result = Tool.run(newFrontendActionFactory<clang::SyntaxOnlyAction>().get());

Putting it together --- the first tool
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Now we combine the two previous steps into our first real tool.  A more advanced
version of this example tool is also checked into the clang tree at
``tools/clang-check/ClangCheck.cpp``.

.. code-block:: c++

  // Declares clang::SyntaxOnlyAction.
  #include "clang/Frontend/FrontendActions.h"
  #include "clang/Tooling/CommonOptionsParser.h"
  #include "clang/Tooling/Tooling.h"
  // Declares llvm::cl::extrahelp.
  #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"

  using namespace clang::tooling;
  using namespace llvm;

  // Apply a custom category to all command-line options so that they are the
  // only ones displayed.
  static cl::OptionCategory MyToolCategory("my-tool options");

  // CommonOptionsParser declares HelpMessage with a description of the common
  // command-line options related to the compilation database and input files.
  // It's nice to have this help message in all tools.
  static cl::extrahelp CommonHelp(CommonOptionsParser::HelpMessage);

  // A help message for this specific tool can be added afterwards.
  static cl::extrahelp MoreHelp("\nMore help text...\n");

  int main(int argc, const char **argv) {
    auto ExpectedParser = CommonOptionsParser::create(argc, argv, MyToolCategory);
    if (!ExpectedParser) {
      llvm::errs() << ExpectedParser.takeError();
      return 1;
    }
    CommonOptionsParser& OptionsParser = ExpectedParser.get();
    ClangTool Tool(OptionsParser.getCompilations(),
                   OptionsParser.getSourcePathList());
    return Tool.run(newFrontendActionFactory<clang::SyntaxOnlyAction>().get());
  }

Running the tool on some code
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

When you check out and build clang, clang-check is already built and available
to you in bin/clang-check inside your build directory.

You can run clang-check on a file in the llvm repository by specifying all the
needed parameters after a "``--``" separator:

.. code-block:: bash

  $ cd /path/to/source/llvm
  $ export BD=/path/to/build/llvm
  $ $BD/bin/clang-check tools/clang/tools/clang-check/ClangCheck.cpp -- \
        clang++ -D__STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS -D__STDC_LIMIT_MACROS \
        -Itools/clang/include -I$BD/include -Iinclude \
        -Itools/clang/lib/Headers -c

As an alternative, you can also configure cmake to output a compile command
database into its build directory:

.. code-block:: bash

  # Alternatively to calling cmake, use ccmake, toggle to advanced mode and
  # set the parameter CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS from the UI.
  $ cmake -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON .

This creates a file called ``compile_commands.json`` in the build directory.
Now you can run :program:`clang-check` over files in the project by specifying
the build path as first argument and some source files as further positional
arguments:

.. code-block:: bash

  $ cd /path/to/source/llvm
  $ export BD=/path/to/build/llvm
  $ $BD/bin/clang-check -p $BD tools/clang/tools/clang-check/ClangCheck.cpp


.. _libtooling_builtin_includes:

Builtin includes
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Clang tools need their builtin headers and search for them the same way Clang
does.  Thus, the default location to look for builtin headers is in a path
``$(dirname /path/to/tool)/../lib/clang/3.3/include`` relative to the tool
binary.  This works out-of-the-box for tools running from llvm's toplevel
binary directory after building clang-resource-headers, or if the tool is
running from the binary directory of a clang install next to the clang binary.

Tips: if your tool fails to find ``stddef.h`` or similar headers, call the tool
with ``-v`` and look at the search paths it looks through.

Linking
^^^^^^^

For a list of libraries to link, look at one of the tools' CMake files (for
example `clang-check/CMakeList.txt
<https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/main/clang/tools/clang-check/CMakeLists.txt>`_).
llvm/clang/docs/LibTooling.rst
